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Human Anatomy > Unit 1 Lecture Exam > Flashcards

Unit 1 Lecture Exam Flashcards

1
Q

study of the structures of the body

A

anatomy

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2
Q

study of the functions of the body parts

A

physiology

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3
Q

the smallest units of matter

A

atoms

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4
Q

2 or more atoms combined together

A

molecule

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5
Q

group of similar cells that have a common function

A

tissue

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6
Q

tissues that work together to perform specific, complex functions

A

organs

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7
Q

very thin, double layered membrane that lines the inside of the ventral cavity and the organs within

A

serosa

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8
Q

levels of organization in the body

A

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism

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9
Q

anatomic position

A

body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from the body

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10
Q

why is the anatomic position important?

A

it is the reference point for all descriptions of the body

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11
Q

superior (cranial)

A

above

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12
Q

inferior (caudal)

A

below

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13
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

towards the front

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14
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

towards the back

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15
Q

medial

A

towards the midline

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16
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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17
Q

proximal

A

closer to the trunk

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18
Q

distal

A

further from the trunk

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19
Q

superficial

A

toward the surface

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20
Q

deep

A

farther from the surface

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21
Q

found inside a cell

A

intracellular

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22
Q

found outside a cell

A

extracellular

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23
Q

water loving, polar head

A

hydrophilic

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24
Q

water fearing, non polar tails

A

hydrophobic

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25
Q

the tendency of molecules to scatter evenly throughout the environment

A

diffusion

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26
Q

diffusion of water across a semi permeable membrane

A

osmosis

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27
Q

diffusion of solvents and solutes together

A

bulk filtration

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28
Q

the movement of relatively large volumes of extracellular material into the cytoplasm by vesicles formed at the plasma membrane

A

endocytosis

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29
Q

bulk movement of substance out of the cell by vesicles formed at the plasma membrane

A

exocytosis

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30
Q

the engulfing of extracellular materials or pathogens

or, movement of extracellular materials into the cytoplasm by enclosure in a vacuole

A

phagocytosis

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31
Q

used to move a substance against the concentration gradient

A

ATP

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32
Q

an ion is moved in one direction while another is moved in the opposite direction

A

exchange pump

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33
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

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34
Q

new, abnormally growing, cell mass

A

neoplasm

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35
Q

3 parts of the cell

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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36
Q

composition of plasma membrane

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids

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37
Q

functions of plasma membrane

A 
transport
intercellular attachment
anchoring the cytoskeleton
enzyme activity
cell-cell recognition
signal transduction
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38
Q

types of membrane transport

A 
passive transport
- diffusion
- concentration gradient
- simple diffusion
- facilitated diffusion
- osmosis
- bulk filtration
active transport
- ion pumps
- bulk transport
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39
Q

function of mitochondria

A

provide ATP

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40
Q

function of ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

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41
Q

function of rough ER

A

makes/modifies proteins

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42
Q

function of smooth ER

A

produces lipids and steroids

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43
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A

concentrates and packages proteins and membranes of the rough ER

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44
Q

function of lysosomes

A

digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins

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45
Q

function of peroxisomes

A

break down fatty acids and detoxify some toxic material

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46
Q

function of cytoskeleton

A

gives cell its shape and coordinates cellular movements

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47
Q

function of centrioles

A

cell division

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48
Q

function of cilia

A

move in unison to create a current

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49
Q

function of flagella

A

propel the cell

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50
Q

function of nucleus

A

control the cell and contain the genetic material

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51
Q

function of the nuclear membrane

A

double membrane barrier

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52
Q

function of nucleolus

A

make 2 parts for ribosomes

53
Q

function of dna

A

chromatin and chromosomes

54
Q

composition of dna

A

nucleotides: adenine pairs with thymine; guanine pairs with cytosine; in a double helix

55
Q

cell life cycle

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

56
Q

benign neoplasms vs malignant neoplasms

A

benign grows slowly and is confined within a connective tissue capsule; malignant grows rapidly, not contained, increased blood supply, not functioning cells

57
Q

the study of tissues

A

histology

58
Q

fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane

A

microvilli

59
Q

used to create a current to propel substances along

A

cilia

60
Q

thin adhesive sheet lying below the basal surface of a cell

A

basement membrane

61
Q

ductless glands that produce hormones

A

endocrine glands

62
Q

secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities

A

exocrine glands

63
Q

the most common unicellular gland

A

goblet cell

64
Q

have a single, unbranched duct

A

simple glands

65
Q

have branched ducts

A

compound glands

66
Q

secrete nonviscous, watery fluid

A

serous glands

67
Q

secrete mucin

A

mucous gland

68
Q

secrete combination of watery fluid and mucus

A

mixed glands

69
Q

secretions are packaged in vesicles

A

merocrine gland

70
Q

secretions are produced from the disintegration of cells

A

holocrine glands

71
Q

secretions result from products that accumulate in the apical portion of a cell

A

apocrine glands

72
Q

extracellular material that makes up large portion of connective tissue

A

matrix

73
Q

very tough, thick fiber

A

collagen

74
Q

long and thin fiber, able to stretch and recoil

A

elastic fibers

75
Q

fine, networking fibers that connect to the collagen

A

reticular fibers

76
Q

4 types of tissues

A

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

77
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissues

A

composed of close-packed cells with very little extra cellular material; fit close together to form continuous sheets; has apical and basal surfaces; contains nerve fibers but no blood vessels; high regeneration capacity

78
Q

characteristics of connective tissues

A

large portion of tissue is made up of extracellular material called matrix

79
Q

examples of merocrine glands

A

tear glands, salivary glands, sweat glands, gastric glands

80
Q

examples of holocrine glands

A

oil glands (sebaceous glands)

81
Q

examples of apocrine glands

A

mammary glands, ceruminous glands

82
Q

F: allows for diffusion and filtration
L: air sacs of lungs, lining of heart and blood vessels

A

simple squamous epithelium

83
Q

F: secretion and absorption
L: kidney tubules, small glands, ovary surface

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

84
Q

F: absorption, secretion of mucus and enzymes
L: digestive tract (non-ciliated), bronchi and uterine tubes (ciliated)

A

simple columnar epithelium

85
Q

F: secretion of mucus, propulsion by ciliary action
L: lines most of respiratory tract

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

86
Q

F: protects tissues and areas subject to abrasion
L: non- keratinized: lines esophagus, mouth, vagina; keratinized: skin

A

stratified squamous epithelium

87
Q

F: stretching to accommodate changing volumes
L: urinary bladder, ureters

A

transitional epithelium

88
Q

F: supports and binds other tissues, fights infection, stores nutrients

A

areolar connective tissue

89
Q

F: reserve for nutrients, insulation, and cushions some organs

A

adipose connective tissue

90
Q

F: forms the stroma for many lymphatic organs

A

reticular connective tissue

91
Q

F: collagen fibers are parallel and closely packed together
L: tendons and ligaments

A

dense regular connective tissue

92
Q

F: collagen fibers randomly arranged and clumped together
L: dermis, covering bone and cartilage, and some organs

A

dense irregular connective tissue

93
Q

F: freely branching elastic fibers
L: walls of arteries, trachea, vocal cords

A

elastic connective tissue

94
Q

L: covers ends of long bones, nose, fetal skeleton

A

hyaline cartilage

95
Q

L: ear, epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage

96
Q

L: intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis

A

fibrocartilage

97
Q

L: makes up bones of the body

A

bone connective tissue

98
Q

L: fluid within blood vessels

A

blood connective tissue

99
Q

F: body movement, voluntary control
L: attached to bones

A

skeletal muscle

100
Q

F: involuntary control
L: walls of the heart

A

cardiac muscle

101
Q

F: propels substances along passageways
L: walls of hollow organs

A

smooth muscle

102
Q

F: generate and conduct nerve impulses
L: brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

A

nervous tissue

103
Q

study of the integumentary system

A

dermatology

104
Q

produce keratin, start at deepest part of epidermis and migrate up

A

keratinocytes

105
Q

produce melanin, found in deepest part of epidermis and stay there

A

melanocytes

106
Q

sensitive to touch, release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve endings when compressed

A

tactile cells

107
Q

help fight infection in the epidermis

A

epidermal dendritic cells

108
Q

a hard protein material for protection

A

keratin

109
Q

a dark pigment

A

melanin

110
Q

yellow to orange pigment

A

carotene

111
Q

pigment in red blood cells

A

hemoglobin

112
Q

a simple, coiled, tubular gland starting in the dermis or hypodermis and ending in a pore at the surface

A

merocrine sweat glands

113
Q

a simple, coiled, tubular gland that releases secretions into hair follicles

A

apocrine sweat glands

114
Q

found all over the body; secrete oily, waxy substance sebum

A

sebaceous glands

115
Q

oily, waxy substance that softens and lubricates hair and skin

A

sebum

116
Q

modified sweat glands in ear canals

A

ceruminous glands

117
Q

a mix of sebum and dead keratinocytes

A

cerumen

118
Q

modified apocrine sweat glands that produce milk to nourish offspring

A

mammary glands

119
Q

any condition of the skin

A

dermatosis

120
Q

inflammation of the skin

A

dermatitis

121
Q

mall patterened baldness

A

alopecia

122
Q

functions of the integumentary system

A

help to maintain homeostasis; forms a protective covering, a physical barrier; helps regulate body temperature; prevents water loss from deeper tissues; contains sensory receptors; excretion of waste; produces some important biochemicals

123
Q

layers of epidermis

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

124
Q

layers of dermis

A

papillary layer, reticular layer

125
Q

F: thermoregulation, excretion of waste, protection against bacteria

A

merocrine sweat glands

126
Q

F: involved in signaling and communication, produce a distinct odor

A

apocrine sweat glands

127
Q

soften and lubricate hair and skin

A

sebaceous glands

128
Q

F: protection: keep particles out, heat retention, facial expression, sensory reception, visual identification, chemical signal dispersal

A

hair

Human Anatomy (5 decks)

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