Unit 1- Life And Evolution

Question 1

Biology

Answer 1

Study of all living things including their structure, functioning, evolution, distribution, growth development and interrelationships to the environment and to like/unlike organisms living and extinct

Question 2

Biology as a science

Answer 2

1. Cells are the basic unit of life
2. New species and inherited traits are the product of evolution
3. Genes are the basic unit of heredity
4. Organisms regulate their internal environment to maintain a stable and constant condition
5. Living organisms consume and transform energy

Question 3

Characteristics of life

Answer 3

1. Acquisition and use of energy (eat and produce food, metabolize, breathe and poop)
2. Growth and development (use energy and materials from food to grow and repair)
3. Reproduction (itself or others)
4. Maintain homeostasis (stable environment)
5. Responsiveness to environment (adapt)
6. Cellularity (all living things are made of cell/cells)

Question 4

Abiogenesis (spontaneous generation)

Answer 4

Original evolution of life\living organisms from inorganic\inanimate substances

Question 5

Biogenesis

Answer 5

Production of new living organisms from living things

Question 6

Endosymbiosis

Answer 6

The Endo symbiotic theory is the origin of eucaryotic cells developed by Margulis in 1967

Question 7

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 7

Bacteria and archaeans that reproduce by binary fission (splitting into 2) and have no nucleus

Question 8

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 8

Animal, plant, Fungal and protist cells that reproduce asexually through mitosis or sexually through meosis, Have a nucleus

Question 9

Cell theory

Answer 9

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. Cells are the smallest living things (basic unit of life)
3. Cells arise from previously existing cells

Question 10

Darwins principles for his theory of evolution

Answer 10

1. Variation
2. Heritability
3. Overproduction
4. Reproductive Advantage

Question 11

Variation

Answer 11

Individuals in a population differ from one another

Question 12

Heritability

Answer 12

Variations are inherited from parents

Question 13

Overproduction

Answer 13

Populations produce more offspring than can survive

Question 14

Reproductive advantage

Answer 14

Some variations allow the organism that possess them to have more offspring than the organism that doesn’t possess them

Question 15

Fossils

Answer 15

Remains of an organism preserved by natural processes, hard parts (shells,bones) allow palaeontologists to date organism, carbon 14 dating (radioactive dating) gives an absolute age, evolutionists compare fossils to present day species that are similar.

Question 16

Comparative anatomy

Answer 16

Structural similarities and differences between living things, similar structures in different organisms point to a similar ancestry, the more similarities the more recent the common ancestor is

Question 17

Homologous structures

Answer 17

Different organisms have similar structures but a different form\function, for example the bird wings and reptile forearm

Question 18

Analogous Structures

Answer 18

Different organisms have organs with the same function but different underlying structure (ex: bats and flies both fly but they have different wings)

Question 19

Vestigial structures

Answer 19

Remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral form but in modern time have no function and often reduced in size (appendix, coccyx)

Question 20

Artificial Selection

Answer 20

Selective breeding of organisms selected for certain traits in order to produce offspring having those traits (crops)

Question 21

Stabilizing selection

Answer 21

Most common form of natural selection in which organisms with extreme expressions of a trait are removed

Question 22

Directional selection

Answer 22

Shift of a population towards an extreme version of a beneficial treat

Question 23

Disruptive selection

Answer 23

The process in which individuals with average traits are removed, creating two populations with extreme traits

Question 24

Sexual selection

Answer 24

A change in the frequency of a trait based on competition for a mate

Question 25

How does a species evolve?

Answer 25

``` Natural selection Mutations Small sample size Random mating Migration ```

Question 26

Species

Answer 26

Group of organisms that are structurally similar and naturally interbreed to pass similarity onto offspring

Question 27

Speciation

Answer 27

Formation of a new species thought to happen through reproductive isolation and adaptive radiation

Question 28

Reproductive isolation

Answer 28

What keeps members of 1 population from interbreeding with members of another population

Question 29

Pre-zygotic barriers

Answer 29

Barriers prevent mating between 2 organisms of different species; Geological, Ecological, Temporal, Behavioural and mechanical isolation

Question 30

Post-zygotic barriers

Answer 30

Barriers that prevent formation of viable fertile offspring after mating; Gamatic incompatibility, Hybrid Inviability and Hybrid Infertility

Question 31

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 31

Species spreading out into different environments

Question 32

Gradualism

Answer 32

New species arises through gradual accumulation of small variations, evolution proceeds slowly and smoothly over years

Question 33

Punctuated Equilibrium

Answer 33

Most species exhibit little net change in their geographical history, species splits into 2 distinct species rather than gradual transformation

Question 34

LUCA

Answer 34

Last universal common ancestor

Question 35

Micro evolution

Answer 35

Evolution of species as environment changes, ex: all dogs belong to the same species

Question 36

Macro evolution

Answer 36

Formation of a new species, ex: Darwin's finches

Question 37

Natural Selection

Answer 37

Process where organisms better adapt to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring; survival of the fittest

Question 38

Coevolution

Answer 38

Close relationships between two species that is so close, the evolution of one species affects the evolution of other species

Question 39

Divergent evolution

Answer 39

Aka adaptive radiation, can occur in a relatively short time when one species gives rise to many species in response to the creation of a new habitat or another ecological opportunity

Question 40

Convergent Evolution

Answer 40

Unrelated species evolve similar traits even though they live in different parts of the world