Unit 2- Organization Of Life

Question 1

Eukaryotic Cell

Answer 1

Present in all living things except bacteria, many membrane bound organelles and has a nucleus

Question 2

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 2

Make up bacteria, no membrane bound organelles and no nucleus

Question 3

Levels of Classification

Answer 3

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 4

Passive transport

Answer 4

No cellular energy required

Examples: osmosis and diffusion

Question 5

Diffusion

Answer 5

Molecules move from area of high concentration to area of low concentration, once molecules are evenly distributed , no further diffusion is required

Question 6

Concentration gradient

Answer 6

Difference in concentration between a region of high and low concentration

Question 7

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 7

Requires a concentration gradient, transports proteins in the cell membrane aid substances to diffuse more quickly than normal

Question 8

Osmosis

Answer 8

Diffusion of water, also depends on concentration gradients, water moves towards a higher concentration of solute (wants to dilute a substance)

Question 9

Active transport

Answer 9

Movement of materials against a concentration gradient that requires cellular energy, moves from low to high concentration

Question 10

Isotonic Solution

Answer 10

Same concentration so no need to dilute, no net movement, whatever goes into cell, comes back out

Question 11

Hypotonic Solution

Answer 11

More water is going into the cell than out, higher water concentration outside the cell, can cause an animal cell to sweep and burst and a plant cell to be healthier; full of water(turgid)

Question 12

Hypertonic Solution

Answer 12

Solution contains a higher concentration of dissolved substances than the cell placed in it, lower water concentration outside the cell, net movement of water out of cell, causes animal cells to shrivel and shrink

Question 13

Endocytosis

Answer 13

Materials become enclosed in an impocketing of the cell membrane, forms vacuoles, cellular ingestion

Question 14

Exocytosis

Answer 14

A vesicle/vacuole carrying materials and fuses with cell membrane and ejects contents outside the cell

Question 15

Phagocytosis

Answer 15

Type of endocytosis, ingulfs large materials usually solids by bacteria/phagocytes

Question 16

Pincytosis

Answer 16

Particles brought into the cells by sipping usually liquids/small

Question 17

ATP

Answer 17

Adenosine Triphosphate- energy carrier molecule that supplies energy for cellular activities

Question 18

How does ATP supply energy?

Answer 18

Energy (ATP) is created through photosynthesis/eating food and is stored in chemical bonds (glucose), when a bond is broken, ATP is released (cellular respiration) then forms ADP or AMP

Question 19

Oxidation

Answer 19

Loss of electron (ATP to ADP)

• breaking down of a compound
• LEO the lion goes GER*

Question 20

Reduction

Answer 20

Gaining of electron (ADP to ATP)

• forming a compound
• LEO the lion goes GER*

Question 21

Photosynthesis Equation

Answer 21

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight = C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Question 22

Light Reactions

Answer 22

Light dependent, depends on light and pigment occurs in thylakoids of chloroplasts, is etc of photo system I and II

Question 23

Light Reactions Equation

Answer 23

Light + Water = O2 + ATP + NADPH

Question 24

Dark Reactions

Answer 24

Calvin Cycle (Independent light Reactions) occur all the time (light or dark) use products from light Reactions as fuel, main goal- convert CO2 to glucose occurs in Stroma of Chloroplasts

Question 25

Dark Reactions equation

Answer 25

CO2 + NADPH + ATP = glucose

Question 26

Cellular Respiration

Answer 26

To obtain energy to move and grow, organisms must break down their food, accomplished by breaking down glucose into CO2 in a series of chemical reactions, location in mitochondria

Question 27

4 steps of cellular respiration

Answer 27

1. Glycolysis 2. Kerbs Cycle Prep 3. Kerbs Cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Question 28

Cell theory

Answer 28

All organisms are made up of 1/more cells All cells carry on life activities New cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division

Question 29

Glycolysis

Answer 29

Occurs in cytoplasm, takes Glucose created from photosynthesis and 2 ATP and creates through chemical reactions 2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvates

Question 30

Kerb's Cycle prep

Answer 30

Occurs in matrix of mitochondria, takes 2 pyruvates and CoA which goes through chemical reactions to create 2 CO2, 2 NADH and 2 Acetyl CoA

Question 31

Kerbs Cycle

Answer 31

2 Acetyl CoA and convert them into 4 CO2, 2 FADH2, 6 NADH and 2 ATP

Question 32

ETC

Answer 32

Take 10 NADH produced in total and 2 FADH2 and 6 CO2 occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane and produces 6 H2O and 32 ATP

Question 33

Cellular Respiration equation

Answer 33

Glucose + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP

Question 34

Aerobic exercise

Answer 34

Exercising at a slow enough pace that your body can supply O2 to your muscles (cellular respiration) 36 ATP are produced

Question 35

Anaerobic exercise

Answer 35

Prolonged/strenuous activity the cells can't get enough sufficient O2 to muscles, only glycolysis can occur, cause build up of lactic acid, after muscles rest, lactic acid converts to pyruvic acid and aerobic respiration continues

Question 36

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 36

Pyruvic acid is changed into lactic acid/lactate by animals, humans and bacteria when the body can't supply enough oxygen to muscles, same bacteria that make cheese and yogurt

Question 37

Alcohol fermentation

Answer 37

Pyruvic acid is changed into ethyl alcohol by yeast and bacteria

Question 38

Advantages of linnean systems

Answer 38

1. Makes the study of organisms easier and more convenient 2. Helps in specific identification of any organism 3. Reveals relationships among various groups of organisms 4. Indicates evolutionary relationships by establishing gradual increased complexity of form and structure of different organism

Question 39

Species

Answer 39

Smallest group and organism can be in, animals on the same species are the most similiar to each other and can reproduce to make fertile/viable offspring

Question 40

Plant cells vs animal cells

Answer 40

1. Animal- cell membrane, plant- cell wall 2. Animal- 1 Golgi body, plant- several 100 Golgi bodies 3. Animal- no plastics, plant- has plastids (chloroplast, chromoplasts)