Unit 1: Microbial World Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
Microbes
A
Need microscope in order to see them
2
Q
Microbiology
A
Study of minute living organisms
3
Q
Too small to be seen with the unaided eyes
A
Microorganisms & microbes
4
Q
Major group of microorganisms
A
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Microscopic algae
Viruses
5
Q
Study or parasites, their hosts and the relationship between them
A
Parasitology
6
Q
Study that does not need microscope in order to see them
A
Parasitology
7
Q
Difference between microbiology & parasitology is;
A
Needs microscope in order to see them while in parasitology
Majority of the parasites can be seen with the unaided eyes.
8
Q
Ubiquitous
A
Can find everywhere
9
Q
Pharmaceutical microbiology
A
Encompass the subject of sterilization and preservation against microbial spoilage and with the responsibility for the safe, hygienic manufacture and use of medicines
10
Q
Includes study and knowledge of the manufacture, quality control, the mechanism of antibiotics
A
Pharmaceutical microbiology
11
Q
Father of microbiology
A
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
12
Q
First person that identifies cells
A
Robert Hooke
13
Q
Observed thin slice of cork under;
A
A crude microscope
14
Q
Smallest structural unit
A
Little boxes/cells
15
Q
He saw individual cells in his compound microscope
A
Robert Hooke
16
Q
All living things are composed of cells
A
Cell theory
17
Q
He called the live microorganisms as animalcules
A
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
18
Q
Constructed the magnifying lens
A
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
19
Q
What is live microorganisms called?
A
Animalcules
20
Q
Spontaneous generation theory
A
AKA: ABIOGENESIS THEORY
21
Q
Forms of life arising from non-living matter
A
Spontaneous Generation Theory
22
Q
Life arising from non living matter
A
Living organisms are came from non-living organisms/matter
23
Q
Disapproved the spontaneous generation theory
A
Francesco Redi
24
Q
Living organisms would not arise from non living matter
A
Francesco redi
25
Flies emerging from manure
Maggots arise from decaying corpse
Spontaneous generation theory
26
Proponent of the spontaneous generation
John Needham
27
Criticize; John Needham
Lazarro Spallanzani
28
Did the same experiment of J.Needham but ;no development of microbes
Lazarro Spallanzani
29
Supporter of Sponta Generation Theory
John Needham
30
Claimed that the microbes developed spontaneously from fluids
John Needham
31
He responded by claiming that the vital force necessary for spontaneous generation had been destroyed by the heat
John Needham
32
Showed the importance of oxygen to life
Anton Laurent Lavoisier
33
Anton Laurent Lavoisier
Oxygen is needed in order to living organisms to survive
34
Vaccination
Edward Jenner
35
Vacca-cow
Cowpox & smallpox
36
He used the term vaccine for cultures of a virulent microorganisms used for preventive inoculation
Louis Pasteur
37
When exposed and nothing happens then you are _________
Immune
38
Immunity
The protection from disease provided by vaccination
39
Recovery from the disease itself
Immunity
40
In search to find a way to protect people from smallpox
Edward Jenner
41
In the sense of antibiotics
The birth of chemotherapy
42
Chemotherapy
Substance that can destroy pathogenic microorganisms without damaging the infected animal/human
43
Originated from microorganisms
Antibiotics
44
Chemicals/ drugs produced naturally by bacteria and fungi acting against another microorganisms
Antibiotics
45
Synthetic Antibiotics
Prepared antibiotics in the laboratory
46
Plant source to treat malaria
Quinine
47
Treatment for malaria
Quinine (plant source)
48
Magic bullet
Paul Ehrlich
49
Year Salvarsan discovered
1910
50
An arsenic derivative
Salvarsan
51
Salvation from syphilis
Salvarsan
52
Sulfonamides
Antibiotic
53
1930
Drugs derived from dyes: sulfonamides
54
Discovered the penicillin
Alexander Fleming
55
Penicillin
Penicillium notatum
56
1928
Discovery of Penicillin
57
The colony of __________ mold accidentally contaminated the plate and inhibited nearby bacterial growth
Penicillium
58
1928 Fleming, Chain, Florey—
Penicillin Griffith—Transformation in bacteria
59
1934 Lancefield
Streptococcal antigen
60
1935 Stanley, Northup, Sumner
Crystallized virus
61
1941 Bradley and Tatum
Relationship between genes and enzymes
62
1943 Delbruck and Luria
Viral infection
63
1944 Avery, Macleod, McCarty
Genetic material is DNA
64
1946 Lederberg and Tatum
Bacterial Conjugation
65
1953 Watson and Crick
DNA structure
66
1957 Jacob and Monod
Protein synthesis regulation
67
1959 Stewart
Vita cause of Human cancer
68
1962 Edelman and Porter
Antibodies
69
1964 Epstein, Achong, Barr
Epstein-Barr virus as cause of human cancer
70
1971 *Nathans, Smith, Arber
Restriction enzymes
(Used for recombinant DNA technology)
71
1973 Berg, Boyer, Cohen
Genetic Engineering
72
1975 Dulbecco, Temin, Baltimore
Reverse transcriptase
73
1978 Woese/ *Mitchell
Archaea
Chemiosmotic mechanism
74
1981 Margulis
Origin of eukaryotic cells
75
1982 *Klug
Structure of tobacco mosaic virus
76
1983 McClintock
Transposons
77
1988 *Deisenhoter,Huber,Mitchel
Bacterial photosynthesis pigments
78
1994 Cano
Reported to have cultured 40-million-year-old bacteria
79
1997 *Prusiner
Prions
80
1910, Paul Ehrlich
Salvarsan// remedy for syphilis
81
1911// quinine
Optochin — intention to treat pneumococci infection
82
1935 Gerhard Domagk
Sulfanamide “Noble prize” — first systematic antibiotic
83
1942 // (1928 first discovery)
Penicillin — Resistance to enterococcus & gonococcus
84
1943
Streptomycin
85
1945
Tetracycline
86
1957
Vancomycin — resistance to enterococcus & staphylococcus aureus
87
1959
Methicillin — to treat infection
Resistance to staphylococcus aureus
88
1963
Gentamicin
89
1961
Ampicillin
90
1980
Cefotaxime — Klebsiella pneumoniae
91
1985
Imipenem — resistance to aceinetobacter baumania
92
2000
Linezolid — resistance to staphylococcus aureus & VRE
93
2010
Ceftaroline
94
Biogenesis Theory
Rudolf Virchow
95
Living cells can arise only from pre existing living cells
96
He demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from non living matter
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
97
Concept of biogenesis
Living cells can arise only from pre existing living cells
98
Theory that disapproved by biogenesis theory
Spontaneous Generation Theory
99
Heated the broth with bender flask
Louis Pasteur
100
The Golden age of microbiology
Establishment of microbiology as a science spearheaded by Pasteur and Koch
101
Who spearheaded the establishment of microbiology as a science
Louis Pasteur & Robert Koch
102
1857, Pasteur
Fermentation
103
1861, Pasteur
Dispproved spontaneous generation
104
1964, Pasteur
Pasteurization
105
1867, Lister
Aseptic surgery
106
1976, Koch
Germ theory of disease
107
1979, Neisser
Neisseria gonorrhea
108
1881, Koch
Pure cultures
109
1881, Finley
Yellow fever
110
1882, Koch
Mycobacterium tubercolosis
111
1882, Hess
Agar (solid) media
112
1883, Koch
Vibrio cholerae
113
1884, Metchnikoff
Phagocytosis
114
1884, Gram
Gram-staining procedure
115
1884, Escherich
Escherichia coli
116
1887, Petri
Petri dish
117
1889, Kitasato
Clostridium tetani
118
1890, von Behring
Diphtheria antitoxin
119
1890, Ehrlich
Theory of immunity
120
1892, Winogradsky
Sulfur cycle
121
1898, Shiga
Shigella dysenteriae
122
1908, Ehrlich
Syphilis
123
1910, Chagas
Trypanosoma cruzi
124
1911, Rous
Tumor causing virus (1966 NOBLE PRIZE)
125
Study of bacteria
Bacteriology
126
Branch of the botany concerned with seaweeds and other algae
Phycology
127
Scientific study of fungi
Mycology
128
Study of protozoans
Protozoology
129
Branch of science that study viruses
Virology
130
Studies the characteristics of pathogens their modes of transmission, mechanisms of infection and growth
Medical Microbiology
131
Specialty which spans the field of human, animal, food, water and environmental microbiology with focus on human health and disease
Public health microbiology
132
Branch of microbiology that deals with plant associated microbes and plant and animals disease
Agricultural Microbiology
133
Branch of medicine and biology concerned with immunity
Immunology
134
General microbiology that aims to describe microbial flora
Paleomicrobiology
135
Concerned with bacterial & viral diseases of domesticated vertebrae animals. (Infectious diseases, pathogenesis and immunology)
Veterinary microbiology
136
Use of microorganisms to obtain on economically valuable product or activity of commercial or large scale
Microbial biotechnology
137
Based on the detection of risks associated with the production manufacture and consumption of food & water
Sanitary Microbiology
138
Study of microorganisms that colonize modify, & process on contaminated & spoil food
Food microbiology
139
Pasteurization
Simple processes of heating/killing/ boiling solution
140
Process by which sugar are converted to alcohol by yeasts in the absence of air
Fermentation
141
Fermentation and Pasteurization
Louis Pasteur
142
What happen if alcohol spoils ?
It become vinegar (acetic acid)
143
Alcoholic beverages
Alcohol—by yeast—absence of air
144
Concept of microorganisms causing infectious disease
Germ Theory of Disease
145
Demonstrated that physicians, who do not disinfect their hands routinely transmitted infections
(puerperal fever) —after child birth
Ignaz Semmelweis
146
He treated surgical wounds with phenol
Joseph Lister
147
Carbolic acid (a disinfectant)
Phenol
