Unit 2 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
PRINCIPLES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
A
2
Q
Pathology
A
Scientific study of disease
3
Q
Pathogenesis
A
Microorganisms does to our body
4
Q
Disease develops
A
Pathogenesis
5
Q
Etiology
A
Concerned with the cause of the disease
6
Q
PUD
A
Peptic Ulcer Disease
7
Q
Structural and functional changes brought about by a disease with their final effects in the body
A
Pathology
8
Q
ASA
A
Aspirin — Acetyl Salicylic Acid
9
Q
NSAIDs
A
Nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory drug
10
Q
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE PATHOGENESIS
A
ASA & H.pylori Hypersecretory
NSAIDs gastritis states
\ / \ /
Alterations in mucosal Acid & pepsin
defense mechanisms
\ /
Ulceration
11
Q
H. pylori gastritis
A
Helicobacte pylori
12
Q
Gastric acid
A
Hypersecretory states
13
Q
ASA & NSAIDs
A
Aspirin
Acetyl Salicylic Acid
14
Q
Invasion/colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms
A
Infection
15
Q
The organisms can cause disease in a host
A
Pathogenic Microorganisms
16
Q
Asymptomatic
A
Latent Infection
17
Q
Infection results in any change from a state of health where
A
Disease
18
Q
The body is incapable of performing its normal functions
A
Disease
19
Q
The presence of a particular type of microorganism in a part of the body where it is not normally found may cause an infection-leads to a disease
A
E-coli in intestines
E-coli in urinary tract
20
Q
The ability of microorganism to cause damage to its host.
A
Virulence
21
Q
Pathogenic Agents
A
Bacteria
Viruses
Prions
Fungi
Viroids
Parasites
22
Q
Pathogenicity
A
The ability of a pathogenic agent to cause disease
23
Q
Latent infection
A
Syphilis ( Trepone pallidum)
Tubercolosis (Mycobacterium tubercolosis)
24
Q
Normal Microbiota
A
NORMAL FLORA
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Normal in body
Normal flora
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It is colonize by microorganisms but does not produce disease under normal conditions
Normal flora
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Present for several days and then disappears
Transient microbiota
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Factors determining the distribution and composition of Normal Flora
Nutrients:
Microbes can only colonize body sites that can supply nutrients
Mechanical forces :
Chewing action dislodges microbes attached to the teeth
Saliva and GIT movement can remove unattached microbes.
Flushing action of the urine.
Mucus trapping microbes in the respiratory system.
29
Urinary and reproductive systems
Staphylococcus
Micrococcus
Enterococcus
Lactobacillus
Bacteroides
Aerobic Diphtheroids
Pseudomonas
Klebsiella
Proteus in urethra
lactobacilli
Streptococcus Clostridium
Candida albicans (fungus)
Trichomonas vaginalis (protozoan) in vagina
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Skin
Do not become resident because secretions from sweat and oil glands have anti microbial properties
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Eyes (conjuntiva)
Continuation of skin or mucous membrane, contains basically the same microbiota found on the skin
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Tears and blinking also eliminate microbes or inhibits others from colonizing
Eyes (conjunctiva)
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Has low moisture content
Skin
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A resistant barrier , and the low pH of the skin inhibits many microbes
Keratin
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Their ability to cause disease is reduced by microbial antagonism
Nose and throat ( Upper respiratory System)
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_________ secretions kila or inhibits many microbes, and mucus and ciliary action remove many microbes.
Nasal
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Abundant moisture, warmth, and the constant presence of food make the mouth an ideal environment that supports very large and diverse microbial populations on the tongue, cheeks, teeth, and gums.
Mouth
38
Biting, chewing, tongue movements, and salivary flow dislodge microbes. Saliva contains several anti microbial substances
Mouth
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Largest number resident microbiota
Large intestine
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__________ also flushed out some of the Normal microbiota
Diarrhea
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_________ of the vagina inhibits or kills microbes
Acidity
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The ______ of urine and urea are anti microbial
pH
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It contains several antimicrobial substances
Saliva/ mouth
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3 types of symbiosis
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
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One organism benefits, and the other is unaffected.
Commensalism
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One organism benefits at the expense of others ;
One is harmed.
Parasitism
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Both organisms are benefiting from the presence of each other
Mutualism
48
Most of the ____________ _______________ are commensals
Normal Microbiota
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Host is not benefiting from the microorganisms
Commensalism
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Considered to have ________ relationship with humans
Parasitism
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Relationship between normal microbiota & the host
Symbiosis
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It can benefit from the host through preventing the overgrowth of harmful organisms
Normal microbiota
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Responsible for antagonizing/ inhibiting the growth of Salmonella escuela
Bacteriocins
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Effectively inhibits the growth of Clostridium difficile
Bacteriocins
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It gets the infections diseases of humans
Bacteriocins
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Overgrowth of Clostridium difficile
Pseudomembranous Colitis
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Mild / severe diarrhea disease
Pseudomembrane colitis
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Acidity of the vagina inhibits or kills microbes
Urinary and reproductive system
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Effectively inhibits the Clostridium difficile
Normal Flora of the Intestines
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Yeast infection
Vaginal candidiasis
(Candida albicans fungal)
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Resposible got antagonizing/inhibiting the growth of Salmonella escuela
Bacteriocins
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Stages of Infectious Disease
1. Incubation Period
2. Proximal Period
3. Period of Illness
4. Period of Decline
5. Period of Convalescence
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Time between infection and occurrence of the first symptoms or signs of disease
Incubation Period
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A short time generalized mild symptoms that precedes illness
Prodromal Period
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The most severe stage of an infectious disease
Period of Illness
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It’s presence is harming the body
Period of Illness
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Not all infectious disease have a prodromal stage
Prodromal stage
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What happen if the patient does not recover
It can be fatal
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The body gradually returnes to normal
Period of Decline
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The patient recovers from the illness
Period of Convalesence
71
Portal of Entry
Skin
Mucous Membrane
Placenta
The parental route
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Enters the body through cuts and wounds etc.
Skin
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Enters through nasal
Mucous membrane
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Enters via eyes
Respiratory tract
75
Parasites that can survive the acidic pH
Protozoa
Helmiths
Bacteria
Viruses
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Parasites infect the body through the ____________________ mucous membrane
Gastrointestinal
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Pathogens cross the placenta and infect the embryo or fetus sometimes causing;
Spontaneous abortion
Birth defects
Premature birth
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Portal of exit
In secretion
In blood
In vaginal secretions or semen
In milk produced by the mammary glands
In excreted body waste (urine/feces)
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Enters through punctures (nail, thorn, or hypodermic needle)
Cuts
Bites
Stab wound
Deep abrasions
Surgeryv
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Types of reservoirs
Animal reservoir
Human carrier
Non living reservoir
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Modes of disease transmission 
Contract transmission
Vehicle transmission
Vector transmission
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Contract transmission
Direct contact transmission
Indirect contract transmission
Droplet transmission
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Vehicle transmission
Airborne transmission
Waterborne transmission
Food-borne transmission
84
Vector transmission
Biological vector
Mechanical vector
85
Frequency
Incidence
Prevalence
Endemic
Sporadic
Epidemic
Pandemic
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Incidence
The number of new cases
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Prevalence
Total number of cases
:both new and existing
88
Endemic
Common disease in the area
Ex. Cholera (Africa)
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Sporadic
Few scattered cases
90
Epidemic
Disease occur at greater frequency
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Pandemic
Simultaneously on more than one continent
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Stages of infectious disease
Incubation period
Prodromal period
Period of illness
Period of decline
Period of convalescence
93
Time between infection and occurrence of the first symptoms or signs of disease
Incubation period
94
A short time of generalized, mild symptoms
Prodromal Period
95
Not all infectious diseases have
Prodromal stage
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Most severe stage of an infectious disease
Period of illness
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Body gradually returns to normal as the patients immune response and or medical treatment eliminated the pathogens
Period of decline
98
Patient recovers from the illness and tissues and system are repaired and returned to normal body
Period of convalescence
99
Classification of infectious diseases
Acute disease
Subacute disease
Chronic disease
Latent disease
Communicable disease
Non-communicable disease
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Develops rapidly but last a short time
Acute disease
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Slow development but may cure in a short time
Subacute disease
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Develops slowly but may continue for a long time
Chronic disease
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Causative agents inactive for time & then become active (waiting)
Latent disease
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Spread from 1 person to another
Communicable disease
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Does not spread
Non communicable disease
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Movement of microbes into hosts
Local infection
Systematic infection
Primary infection
Secondary infection
Subclinical infection
107
Limited to small area of the body
Local infection
108
Asymptomatic
Subclinical infection
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Gives signs and symptoms first then it causes initial illness
Primary infection
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Opportunistic pathogen
Secondary infection
111
Happens after primary infection weakened the immune system
Secondary infection
112
Spread through the body via blood or lymphatic system
Systematic infection
113
Does not only transmit but also serve as hosts
Biological vector
114
Carry pathogens to new hosts on their feet or other body parts
Mechanical vector
115
Involves pathogen in and on foods that are poorly processed, undercooked and or poorly refrigerated
Food-borne Transmission
116
is a major source of disease in the world
Fecal-oral infection
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Water can act as a reservoir as well as a vehicle of infection
Waterborne transmission
118
Aerosols May contain pathogens either on dust or inside droplets
Airborne transmission
119
Spread of pathogens via air, drinking water, and food as well as body fluids being handles outside the body
Vehicle transmission
120
Anthropods= mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, blood sucking flies , blood sucking bugs and mites
Biological vectors
121
Animals that transmit diseases from one host to another
Vector transmission
122
Including person to person spread, involves body contact between hosts
Direct Contract transmission
123
Transmitted within droplet nuclei that exit the body during exhaling, coughing or sneezing
Droplet transmission
124
Pathogens are spread from one host to another by Di mites
Indirect contact transmission
