Unit 1 Notes Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
what services are provided by athletics trainers
A
prevention emergency care clinical diagnosis therapeutic intervention medical conditions
2
Q
communication with patients
A
respect for cultural differences, gender, language, other potential barreries
ability to maintain pleasant and interested demeanor
use of open ended questions
3
Q
communication with health professionals
A
understand medical terminology, medial abbreviations, difference between a sign and a symptom, physical specialties and what the physician can contribute to the athlete’s well being and safe return to play
4
Q
federal regulations pertaining to communication among medical professionals
A
HIPAA
FERPA
5
Q
HIPAA
A
protects patient privacy, oversees medical records, and gives patients more control over how and to whom their personal health information is disclosed
6
Q
FERPA
A
protects the privacy of student education records
7
Q
medical records
A
must maintain adequate records on the health care of athletes
records are maintained and stored in areas with limited access in accordance with institutional and state regulatory acts
8
Q
examples of inappropriate medical record storage
A
unsecured files, open storage areas, or unprotected computers without passwords encryption
9
Q
what is prevention of disease transmission
A
protection from infection
maintaining a sanitary environment
immunization from specific diseases by vaccine
10
Q
who oversees prevention of disease transmission
A
OSHA- occupational safety and health administration
11
Q
what is OSHA bloodborne pathogens standard
A
intended to safegaurd health care workers against hazards resulting from exposure to infectious body fluids
12
Q
who is covered under OSHA bloodborne pathogens standard
A
anyone who could reasonably anticipate having occupational exposure to infectious waste
13
Q
what do individuals, institutions or setting must have for OSHA bloodborne pathogens standards
A
exposure control plan
14
Q
what is an exposure control plan
A
written document outlines steps to take and specific people to call in the event of an exposure to infectious waste
15
Q
do all health care workers have access to personal protective equipment
A
yes
16
Q
what is universal precaution
A
that all human waste should be treated as if it were infectious glove use, application, removal personal protective equipment sharps containers disinfection of surfaces infectious waste disposal
17
Q
legal considerations
A
breaching a duty- negligence
18
Q
can breaching a duty be considered negligence
A
if the breach of duty causes harm
19
Q
negligence
A
conduct that falls below an established and expected standard of care
20
Q
what is the BOC standard of professional practice
A
references the expected level of care
21
Q
patient reported outcomes
A
used in clinical settings
data collected directly from patients
22
Q
what is the purpose of patient reported outcomes
A
to engage patients as active partners in their own progress and to determine if a given treatment is working
23
Q
evidence based medicine
A
blending the best research evidence and clinical expertise to make health care decisions
involves the patient’s values and preferences to create a complete research practice patient circle
24
Q
what does evidence based medicine seek
A
appropriate validated research or resources
25
classification and surveillance systems
international classification of diseases
| current procedural terminology
26
ICD-10
diagnosis related to classification manual
| primarily used to diagnose and track conditions
27
what must providers do when seeking reimbursement
submit diagnosis codes (ICD-10) when billing or requesting authorization of services or procedures
28
CPT
provides a set of billing codes, descriptions, and guidelines associated with procedures and services used by health care professionals
29
when is CPT published
annually in January by AMS
30
what is contained in a CPT
five digit codes that identify the procedure or service rendered
31
preparticipation examination
determines readiness for specific sport
| identify potential or correctable conditions that may impair the athlete's agility to perform
32
who suggests that all athletes have a PPE
American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP)
33
when are athletes required to have PPE
entry into middle or high school or when transferring to a new school
also when entering intercollegiate athletics
34
what is required annually for PPE
updates on comprehensive health history, problem focused areas, and vital signs
35
where can PPEs been done
office visit
| station based
36
office visit PPEs
more private
typically performed by a physician who has a working relationship with athlete
potentially expensive and not covered by insurance
37
station based PPEs
athlete moves from station to station
often occurs as a courtesy or community service from a group of physicians
not as private as office visit; can be loud or confusing to patients
38
determining sport qualification
certain medical conditions may disqualify an athlete from certain sports or from competitive activity altogether
responsibility of the team physician to determine level of risk inherent in a given sport for an athlete with a medical condition
39
what does an examination of a patient start with
thorough history then systematic review, then exam specific to condition
40
comprehensive medical history
may involve many body systems, be difficult to describe, may not be at all obvious, possibility of potential comorbid conditions
41
important aspects of medical history
```
duration of signs and symptoms
onset (gradual, insidious, rapid)
when do symptoms occur
do symptoms come and go, or constant
disability from symptoms
```
42
signs
something that the clinician can see or feel in the patient, such as temperature, respiration, heartbeat, or blood pressure
43
symptom
something the patient feels, but the clinician can't, such as a headache, nausea, dizziness, or pain
44
comprehensive history
past medical history: childhood and adult injury, accidents
current health status
family history
45
current health status
alcohol and drug use, diet, exercise, immunizations
46
family history
diabetes, kidney disease, hypertension, heart disease, cardiovascular disorders, allergies, asthma, mental illness, addictions
47
cephalocaudal systems review
```
general assesssment
skin head to toe
Head, eyes, ears, nose and throat
respiratory
cardiovascular
gastrointestinal
peripheral vascular
neurological
hematological
endocrine
```
48
physical exam
cephalocaudal sequence
general observation of patient's state of health, level of consciousness, signs of distress
physical assessment begins with vital signs
49
vital signs
```
height and weight
blood pressure
heart rate and rhythm
respiratory rate and rhythm
body temperature
```
50
what is Korotkoff sound
where sound disappears
| diastolic
51
normal body temperature
oral- 98.6, 96.4-99.1
52
what is the only reliable measure of core body temperature
rectal
53
what part of stethoscope is used for high pitched sounds
diaphragm
54
what part of stethoscope is used for low pitched sounds
bell
55
external eye structures
eye socket
eyelid
conjunctiva
lacrimal gland
56
internal eye structures
```
sclera
cornea
iris
lens
retina
choroid
optic disk
macula
```
57
evaluation of eye
```
thorough history
visual acuity
pupillary responses
motility of the extraocular muscles
peripheral vision
anatomical structures of the eyes
internal structures of the eye using ophthalmoscope
```
58
visual acuity
patient wears glasses or contact lenses for distance
| snellen chart
59
snellen chart
contains graduated sizes of letters with standarized acuity at the end of each line
asked to read the lines of the chart while standing 20 ft away
60
what is normal vision acuity
20/20
61
pupillary responses
ability to react to light as a basic feature of a normally functioning ocular system
62
how to check pupillary response
while patient looks into the distance, a light is moved in toward the eye from the side and shone directly into pupil
speed of pupillary constriction is noted
each eye is examined separately
63
motility of extraocular muscles
examiner ask the patient to follow an object or fingertip up, down, left, and right using both eyes
examiner assesses for uninterrupted smooth movements of both eyes in all fields
there should be no restriction of gaze in either eye; movements of the two eyes should be harmonious and parallel
64
refractive erros
myopia
hyperopia
astigmatism
65
myopia
nearsightedness
| eye is larger
66
hyperopia
farsightedness
| eye is smaller
67
astimatism
abnormally shaped cornea or lens
68
age related macular degeneration
deterioration or breakdown of the eye's macula
| central vision problems, blurriness, dark areas, distortion
69
pathophysiology of AMD
formation of drusen under retina
growth of abnormal blood vessels under the retina
rarely causes blindness
70
presbyopia
age related vision loss
normal change in eyes ability to focus
results from losing flexibility of the lens in the eye
eventually need correction with glasses or contacts
71
conjunctivitis
inflammation of conjunctiva
72
conjunctiva
transparent vascular tissue covering the anterior sclera and posterior surface of eye
73
4 layers of the eye
conjunctiva
sclera
choroid
retina
74
hyphema
blood in anterior chamber of eye
complication of blunt force trauma
often associated with other types of orbital or ocular damage
75
where does the blood in hyphema come from
damaged blood vessel in iris or ciliary body
76
how does blood in the anterior chamber of the eye begin
as a crescent shape inferiorly
77
subjunctival hemorrhage
bright red blood appearing acutely in a sector of the eye under the clear conjunctiva and in front of sclera
78
is subjunctival hemorrhage a dangerous condition
no its benign
79
corneal abrasion
from scratch to the surface of the cornea
| most common symptom is the sensation of having something in the eye
80
what is the most common cause of corneal abrasion
direct trauma with a foreign object
81
corneal or scleral laceration
one of the most traumatic eye injuries, open globe
| allows for leakage of intraocular fluid and allows for the introduction of infectious pathogens
82
open globe
eyeball that has been ruptured after blunt or sharp trauma or injury with a projectile foreign body
83
corneal and conjunctival foreign bodies
something in the eye or scratchiness
| often associated with tearing reflex
84
orbital fracture
blunt injury to the eye, forces against orbit creates sudden increase in pressure within the orbit, orbital contents including eyeball are displaced posteriorly, pressure can break orbital walls
85
blow out fracture
pressure form eye trauma that pushes eyeball posteriorly, factures orbit
86
retinal tear or detachment
can occur from illness, injury, heredity, or aging
| can occur with history of previous detachment
87
dislocated contact lense
loss of visual acuity and presence of foreign body sensation
88
chemical burns
any chemical substance that comes into contact with ocular surface,
symptoms include rapid onset of pain, foreign body sensation, and frequently loss of vison
89
signs of chemical burn to ocular surface
defects on the corneal surface
corneal opacification with pronounced swelling
blanching of the cornea or conjunctiva
90
periorbital contusion
direct trauma to periorbital structures "black eye"
91
traumatic iritis
inflammation of iris or anterior chamber secondary to traumatic injury to eye
dull, deep, aching pain when either iris or pupil moves
can occur 1 to 7 days after trauma
92
most common symptom of iritis
photophobia
93
photophobia
light sensitivity
94
proptosis/exophthalmos
direct trauma to orbit can result in deep orbital swelling and hemmorages
pushes eye forward, causing bulging
can cause damage to optic nerve
95
hordeolum
infection of eyelash follicle or sebaceous gland
| red bump will appear,
96
how to treat hordeolum
warm compress, antibiotics and sometimes draining
97
eyelid laceration
open wound of eyelid or surrounding tissues
| presence of foreign body must be ruled out and ocular exam performed
98
protective eyewear
many eye injuries are permanent and can cause serious vision loss
proper eye protection can reduce risk by 90%
99
indications for immediate referral
```
persistent blurred vision
diplopia
restricted eye movement
hyphema
distorted pupil
unilateral pupil dilation or constriction
foreign body protruding from eye
large laceration of eyelids
laceration that involves the margins of eyelid
persistent floaters
```
100
external ear
pinna or auricle
external auditory canal
lateral surface of tympanic membrane
101
what separates middle and external ear
tympanic membrane
102
middle ear
ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes
103
inner ear
vestibule
semicircular canals
cochlea
104
external nose
bone, cartilage
105
internal nose
2 cavities or vestibules separated by septum
106
what forms lateral wall of nose
3 turbinate bones
107
what are paranasal sinuses
air-filled spaces within cranium
108
oral cavity
```
lips
cheeks
tongue
teeth
salivary glands
```
109
oropharynx
```
soft palate
tonsillar pillars
tonsils
base of tongue
posterior pharyngeal walls
```
110
upper parts of respiratory and digestive tract
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
111
evaluation of ear, nose, throat, and mouth
done as single examination
| each area can reveal important signs and symptoms
112
exam of ear
inspect auricle for size, shape, and symmetry
external ear canal for discharge or odor
auricles and mastoid areas palpated for tenderness, swelling and nonvisible nodules
otoscope with disposal speculum is used to inspect ear canal
113
exam of nose and nasopharynx
onset and duration of symptoms
if obstructed is it uni or bilateral, constant or intermittent
assess inspiratory and expiratory airflow
if drainage note characteristics
palpate facial bones and sinuses to determine areas of tenderness, swelling, or deformity
114
speculum exam
view septum and turbinates, tip patients head back
nares may be dilated and viewed with speculum
check for discoloration, perforations, bleeding, or crusting
note differences such as polyps, holes, swelling, or abnormal coloring
115
exam of mouth and throat
inspect lips, noting color and lesions
note condition of teeth and gum
inspect tongue and buccal mucosa for color, lesions, and presence of white plaque
with tongue depressor, depress tongue to visualize tonsils, uvula, and pharynx
palpate cervical lymph nodes for swelling
116
hearing loss
inability to hear a specific pitch or inability to detect any sound
conductive or sensorineural
117
deafness
inability to detect any sound
118
conductive hearing loss
sound conduction pathway is blocked
a mechanical dysfunction
otitis media, sinus infections, impacted cerumen
119
sensorineural loss
more serious involving inner ear sensory receptors
usually born with defect
can be related to heredity factors, meningitis, measles, scarlet fever, mumps, and encephalitis
120
hearing loss evaluation
clinician conducts a gross determination of hearing when hearing loss is suspected
patient's response to questions may indicate gross hearing ability
121
how do you distinguish between sensorineural and conductive hearing loss
weber and rinne tests
| uses tuning fork for both
122
weber test
apex of head
normal- sound heard in both ears
conduction loss- sound heard best in impaired ear
sensorineural loss- sound only in normal ear
123
rinne
mastoid process and in front of EAM
normal- air heard twice as long bone
conductive- bone sound heard longer
sensorineural- sound reduced and heard longer through air
124
otitis externa
inflammation or infection of external auditory canal and tympanic membrane
"swimmer's ear"
125
signs and symptoms of otitis externa
drainage, canal swelling, erythema, decreased hearing, itching and pain when auricle is pulled
126
otitis media
presence of fluid in middle ear and symptoms of infection
incidence decreases with age
often occurs with upper respiratory infection
127
what can cause otitits media
virus or bacteria
128
signs and symptoms of otitis media
intense ear pain, fluid drainage, transient hearing loss, fever, headache, nausea, vertigo
erythematous tympanic membrane with a bulge
129
ruptured tympanic membrane
sudden change in air pressure, blunt trauma or infection
| increasing pressure in middle ear often causes extreme pressure
130
does a ruptured tympanic membrane heal on its own
most of the time
131
signs and symptoms of tympanic membrane rupture
decreased hearing, purulent fluid, bleeding, audible whistling, may be painless without infection
132
impacted cerumen
similar signs and symptoms of otitis externa
| caused by cerumen being pushed into canal with cotton swap
133
pinna hematoma "cauliflower ear"
repeated contusion to pinna of ear
usually seen in wrestlers
can be treated by draining and splinting ear
prevented by wearing protective ear headgear
134
allergic rhinitis
immune response to nasally inhaled allergens that causes sneezing, rhnorrhea, nasal pruritus, and congestion
135
nonallergic rhinitis
nasal inflammation due to infection, vasmotor, occupational hormonal, drug-induced, and gustatory
produces excessive mucus
136
sinusitis
inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity
maybe acute, subacute, recurrent, or chronic
may result form bacterial or viral exposure
137
when does sinusitis occur
when mucus or other infectious materials cause blockage within the passageways connecting the sinuses to the nasal cavity
138
signs and symptoms of sinusitis
congestion, headache, colorful mucus, nonproductive cough, malaise; sometimes has low grade fever
139
epistaxis
nosebleed
| trauma to nose
140
anterior nose bleed
kiesselbach's plexus of the septum
141
posterior nose bleed
profuse and often arterial origin
142
how to treat epistaxis
compression, cold compress, or nose plug
143
deviated septum
trauma, blow to side of nose
often has nasal fracture
minor deformity or complaints of chronic nasal obstruction
144
pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx; sore throat
145
tonsillitis
inflammation of the tonsils
146
tonsillitis treatment
bacterial strep- antibiotics
| viral- antiviral meds
147
prevention of tonsillitis
keep away from sick
do not share utensils, drinking glasses, toothbrushes
wash hands
cover mouth when you cough or sneeze
148
laryngitis
inflammation of larynx
acute or chronic
direct trauma to throat
149
signs and symptoms of laryngitis
hoarseness, malaise, dry cough, pain
150
treatment of laryngitis
resting voice, analgesics, cough suppressant, antibiotics
151
oral mucosl lesions
caused by trauma, infectious disease, autoimmune disorders, neoplastic disease, toxic reactions
152
what is often the first clinical sign of HIV or AIDs
oral lesions
153
oral candidiasis
yeastlike fungus
| presents as a white, cheesy, curdlike patch on tongue and buccal mucosa
154
treatment of oral candidiasis
oral rinse and oral antifungal medications
| treatment may last several weeks
155
oral cancers
often involve tongue, lips, and gum
156
predisposing risk factors for oral cancer
```
any tobacco use
excessive alcohol use
poor oral hygiene
over 40
family history
```
157
gingivitis
inflammatory conditions of gums caused by bacteria
158
signs and symptoms of gingivitis
mouth sores, swollen gums, bright red-purple appearance to gums, bleeding gums, tender gums
159
periodontitis
occurs if gingivitis is left untreated
| receding gum line and loss of alveolar bone
160
dental caries
tooth decay caused by accumulated bacteria on enamel surface, which forms plaque
decay starts at enamel and may extend into dentin and even pulp
161
tooth abscess
collection of infected material resulting from bacterial infection of the center of tooth
complication of dental caries, can also result from trauma
openings of tooth enamel allow bacterial to infect center of tooth
infection may spread out from root of the tooth to bones
162
tooth abscess treatment
elimination of infection, preservation of tooth, prevention of complication
antibiotics to fight infection
warm salt water analgesics
