Unit 1: Proteomics & Protein Structure 1 Flashcards

Proteomics (48 cards)

1
Q

What is a Proteome

A

A proteome is the entire set of proteins expressed by a genome.

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2
Q

What are the two reasons for proteomes being bigger than genomes?

A

RNA Splicing and Post-Translational Modification

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3
Q

What is RNA Splicing?

A

When introns are spliced (removed) from mRNA, leaving only the exons expressed in the protein molecule.

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4
Q

What is an intron?

A

A non-coding sequence of mRNA

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5
Q

What is Post-translational Modification?

A

Either the addition of a chemical group to a protein or covalent cleavage of the polypeptide.

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6
Q

When does post-translational modification take place?

A

After translation of the protein

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7
Q

Where does post-translational modification take place?

A

In the RER, golgi apparatus and target site of protein

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8
Q

List the five chemical groups that can be added to a protein in post translational modification

A

Addition of; Phosphate, acyl, alkyl, glucose and oxygen

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9
Q

Addition of a phosphate to a protein is known as what?

A

Phosphorylation

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10
Q

Addition of an acyl group to a protein is known as what?

A

Acylation

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11
Q

Addition of an alkyl group to a protein is known as what?

A

Alkylation

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12
Q

Addition of a sugar group such as glucose to a protein is known as what?

A

Glycoylation

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13
Q

Addition of oxygen to a protein is known as what?

A

Oxidation

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14
Q

Covalent cleavage of the polypeptide is essentially what?

A

A part of the peptide being removed from the molecule, resulting in it become active. Trypsinogen to trypsin

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15
Q

An example of autocatalytic cleavage is

A

zymogen pepsinogen to pepsin.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of post translation modification?

A

To modify the protein for it’s specific function

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17
Q

What are the three different groups relating to the position of the protein in the cell?

A
  1. Intracellular 2. Membrane bound 3. Extracellular
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18
Q

Intracellular proteins such as lysosomes are…

A

found and formed in the cell

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19
Q

A membrane protein called an intrinsic protein…

A

spans the membrane, acting as a carrier

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20
Q

A membrane protein called an extrinsic protein…

A

is embedded on one side of the membrane like an enzyme

21
Q

An extracellular protein such as insulin is…

A

excreted outside the hormone.

22
Q

Membranes are made up of

A

phospholipid molecules

23
Q

Phospholipid molecules in a membrane form a

A

phospholipid bilayer

24
Q

What term is used to describe the head of this molecule?

A

Hydrophillic (water loving)

25
What term is used to describe the tail of this molecule?
Hydrophobic - (Water repellant)
26
A peripheral protein is found
on the surface and partially inside the membrane.
27
An integral protein ...
spans the whole width of the membrane.
28
What is this type of protein?
A channel protein
29
What type of protein is this?
A glycoprotein
30
What type of protein is this?
An integral protein
31
What type of protein is this?
An peripheral protein
32
Not all genes in a particular cell are expressed as proteins because of
gene expression
33
An example of regulation of gene expression is
Lac Operon
34
The purpose of Lac Operon is to?
Conserve energy in the cell
35
What are the four components of Lac Operon?
Promoter, Repressor, Operator, Gene
36
In Lac Operon, when the lactose concentration increases what happens?
A lactose binds to the repressor changing the confirmation of the repressor so it is no longer bound to the operator.
37
In Lac Operon, once the repressor is no longer bound to the operator what happens?
RNA polymerase comes along now able to make a protein due to the operator being 'on'.
38
In Lac Operon, RNA polymerase makes a protein that does what?
Breaks down the lactose
39
In Lac Operon, once the lactose is broken down what happens next?
The lactose bound to the repressor unbinds and is broken down. The repressor changes back to the original conformation and binds to the operator turning it off.
40
Extrinsic proteins use what process to release proteins from the cell ?
Exocytosis
41
Four methods of ***genome*** anaylsis are:
* Sanger sequencing * Gel Electrophoresis * Cycle Sequencing * Microarray
42
Analysis of proteome involves:
* Isolation of proteins expressed by a cell at a certain time * The functional interaction between the proteins active in the cell
43
Three techniques used to identify expressed proteins are:
* 2D electrophoresis * Western Blotting * Mass Spectrometry
44
2D electrohoresis works by
seperating proteins from cell samples according to their charge
45
Western blotting works by
exposing proteins to specific antibody coupled to a radioisotope which binds to the protein
46
Mass Spectrometry works by
seperating out proteins to identify speicfic fragments.
47
The isoelectric point is the
pH at which the protein has no net charge and doesn't migrate.
48
Binding of a substrate to an enzymes causes a
conformational change which may result in an altered function.