Unit 1 - Psychology's History and Approaches

Question 1

Who?
- established the first formal U.S. psychology laboratory at John Hopkins University
- receives the first U.S. Ph.D. based on psychological research
- becomes the first president of the APA

Answer 1

G. Stanley Hall

Question 2

Who?
- publishes The Principles of Psychology
- described psychology as “the science of mental life”
- establishes the school of functionalism

Answer 2

William James

Question 3

Who?
- becomes the first female psychologist elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences
- first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology (Cornell)
- The Animal Mind
- becomes the second female APA president

Answer 3

Margaret Floy Washburn

Question 4

Who?
- published The Interpretation of Dreams
- emphasized the ways emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconscious thought processes affect our behavior
- Austrian

Answer 4

Sigmund Freud

Question 5

Who founded psychoanalysis?

Answer 5

Sigmund Freud

Question 6

Who?
- known for the Little Albert experiment
- redefined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”
-founded behaviorism

Answer 6

John B. Watson

Question 7

Who?
- founded humanistic psychology
- humanistic theory of personality development

Answer 7

Carl Rogers

Question 8

Who?
- pioneered the study of learning
- a Russian physiologist
- developed an experiment testing the concept of the conditioned reflex

Answer 8

Ivan Pavlov

Question 9

Who?
- developmental psychologist
- The Language and Thought of the Child
- most influential observer of children

Answer 9

Jean Piaget

Question 10

Who?
- an advocate for the mentally ill
- created the first mental hospitals across the US and Europe

Answer 10

Dorothea Dix

Question 11

Who?
- established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig (in Germany)
- was seeking to measure “atoms of the mind”
- founded structuralism

Answer 11

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 12

Who?
- famously argued that the mind at birth is a tabula rasa - a “blank state”

Answer 12

John Locke

Question 13

What?
- the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation

Answer 13

empericism

Question 14

Who?
- used introspection to search for the mind’s structural elements
- aimed to discover the structural elements of mind
- his method was to engage people in self-reflective introspection (looking inward)

Answer 14

Edward Bradford Tichener

Question 15

Who?
- first woman to be president of the APA
- dream research

Answer 15

Mary Whiton Calkins

Question 16

What psychology?
- the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

Answer 16

experimental psychology

Question 17

What ism?
- the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Answer 17

behaviorism

Question 18

What psychology?
- a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people

Answer 18

humanistic psychology

Question 19

What ism?
- early school of thought promoted by Wilhelm Wundt; used introspection to reveal the structure of the mind

Answer 19

structuralism

Question 20

What ism?
- early school of thought promoted by James Williams; explored how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

Answer 20

functionalism

Question 21

What?
- the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

Answer 21

nature/nurture issue

Question 22

What?
- the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing and given phenomenon

Answer 22

level of analysis

Question 23

What approach?
- an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Answer 23

biopsychosocial approach

Question 24

What psychology?
- the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning

Answer 24

behavioral psychology

Question 25

What psychology? - the scientific link between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes

Answer 25

biological psychology

Question 26

What perspective? - depression is caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain, hereditary factors or damaged brain structures

Answer 26

biological perspective

Question 27

What perspective? - early childhood experiences - unresolved, hidden conflicts - effects of mother/child/father interactions

Answer 27

psychodynamic perspective

Question 28

What perspective? - a person does depressive behaviors because they learned that it can gain some sort of reward (pity-attention) or they're imitating someone in their life that modeled this kind of behavior when faced with similar situations

Answer 28

behavioral perspective

Question 29

What perspective? - one becomes depressed constantly thinking depressing thoughts, having a negative, pessimistic outlook on life

Answer 29

cognitive perspective

Question 30

What perspective? - depression is caused by poverty, poor economic opportunity, alienation, low status, gender, ethnicity

Answer 30

social-cultural perspective

Question 31

What perspective? - depression is caused by one not being able to live up to your potential; one feels stifled, kept down, alienated

Answer 31

humanistic perspective

Question 32

What perspective? - depression may serve a certain evolutionary purpose - how our traits and behaviors are designed to boost survival levels

Answer 32

evolutionary perspective

Question 33

What perspective? - systematically considers biological, psychological, and social factors and their complex interactions

Answer 33

biopsychosocial perspective

Question 34

What psychology? - the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Answer 34

cognitive psychology

Question 35

What psychology? - the study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection

Answer 35

evolutionary psychology

Question 36

What psychology? - a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders

Answer 36

psychodynamic psychology

Question 37

What psychology? - the study of how situations and cultures affect out behavior and thinking

Answer 37

social-cultural psychology

Question 38

What psychology? - a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

Answer 38

developmental psychology

Question 39

What psychology? - the application of psychological concepts to and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

Answer 39

industrial-organizational psychology

Question 40

What psychology? - an I/O psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

Answer 40

human factors psychology

Question 41

What psychology? - a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

Answer 41

clinical psychology

Question 42

What? - the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

Answer 42

hindsight bias

Question 43

What? - thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions (it examines assumptions, assesses the source, discerns hidden values, evaluated evidence, and assesses conclusions)

Answer 43

critical thinking

Question 44

What? - a measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other

Answer 44

correlation

Question 45

What? - a statistical index of the relationship between two variables (from -1.0 to +1.0)

Answer 45

correlation coefficient

Question 46

What? - the perception of a relationship where none exists

Answer 46

illusory correlation

Question 47

What? - assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing the preexisting differences between the different groups

Answer 47

random assignment

Question 48

What? - an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo (commonly used in drug-evaluation studies)

Answer 48

double-blind procedure

Question 49

What? - experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

Answer 49

placebo effect

Question 50

What variable? - a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an affect in an experiment

Answer 50

confounding variable

Question 51

What are the types of descriptive statistics?

Answer 51

- central tendency (mean, median, mode) - measures of variation (range, standard deviation)

Question 52

What type of descriptive statistics? - the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

Answer 52

mode

Question 53

What type of descriptive statistics? - the arithmetic average of a distribution

Answer 53

mean

Question 54

What type of descriptive statistics? - the middle score in a distribution

Answer 54

median

Question 55

What distribution? - a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

Answer 55

skewed distribution

Question 56

What type of descriptive statistics? - the difference between the highest and lowest score in a distribution

Answer 56

range

Question 57

What is standard deviation?

Answer 57

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

Question 58

What is statistical significance?

Answer 58

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

Question 59

What ethical guideline? - an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

Answer 59

informed consent

Question 60

What ethical guideline? - the post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

Answer 60

debriefing

Question 61

What are the five ethical guidelines?

Answer 61

1. informed consent 2. confidentiality/anonymity 3. protection from harm 4. debriefing 5. right to withdraw

Question 62

What is a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study?

Answer 62

operational definition

Question 63

What descriptive research method? - one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Answer 63

case study

Question 64

What descriptive research method? - observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Answer 64

naturalistic observation

Question 65

What descriptive research method? - a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors by particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

Answer 65

survey

Question 66

What is a strength of a case study?

Answer 66

helps highlight need for more research

Question 67

What is a weakness of a case study?

Answer 67

highly subjective, not representative at all

Question 68

What is a strength of a survey?

Answer 68

data from tons of people

Question 69

What is a weakness in a survey?

Answer 69

lacks depth, wording effect

Question 70

What is a strength of naturalistic observation?

Answer 70

they do not know they are being observed, no interference

Question 71

What is a weakness of naturalistic observation?

Answer 71

doesn't explain behavior

Question 72

What is the observer effect?

Answer 72

people change behavior when being watched

Question 73

What descriptive research method? - study behavior as subject ages - follows subject for many years

Answer 73

longitudinal

Question 74

What is a strength of longitudinal?

Answer 74

observation & correlation used, more than one observation done

Question 75

What is a weakness of longitudinal?

Answer 75

expensive, takes long time, subject can leave anytime

Question 76

What descriptive research method? - study how behavior/thoughts vary across different age groups

Answer 76

cross-sectional

Question 77

What is a strength for cross-sectional?

Answer 77

provide data on entire population, can take minimal time to conduct

Question 78

What is a weakness for cross-sectional?

Answer 78

must control for difference other than age, volunteer bias

Question 79

What? - a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Answer 79

random sample

Question 80

What? - after the fact - "Quasi-experiment" (you can't manipulate the IV) - you study something you can't ethically make someone do, also these studies are conducted after the fact - no random sample

Answer 80

ex post facto

Question 81

What? - to select participants from population - allows you to generalize results

Answer 81

random sampling

Question 82

What is a single blind procedure?

Answer 82

the subjects being unaware

Question 83

What? - humans tend to think we know more than we do - we tend to be more confident than correct

Answer 83

overconfidence

Question 84

What? - have to conduct an experiment to see if A causes B

Answer 84

causation

Question 85

correlation is not...

Answer 85

causation

Question 86

The debate on the relative contributions of biology and experience to human development is most often referred to as

Answer 86

the nature-nurture issue

Question 87

What perspective? If a child is behaving poorly, it is likely because this behavior has been rewarded somehow.

Answer 87

behavioral

Question 88

What famous psychologist is credited with opening the first ever psychology laboratory?

Answer 88

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 89

Which perspective studies learning and how rewards and punishments influence how humans and animals act (observable responses)?

Answer 89

behaviorism

Question 90

Who developed the theory of "functionalism"?

Answer 90

William James

Question 91

A psychologist that uses ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status influence our behavior.

Answer 91

social-cultural psychology

Question 92

Who established the first psychology lab in the U.S. and was the first president of the APA?

Answer 92

G. Stanley Hall

Question 93

Who was the first female president of the APA?

Answer 93

Mary Whiton Calkins

Question 94

How did Dorothea Dix help lead to change and greater awareness to the issue she was focused on reforming?

Answer 94

She opened several hospitals for the mentally ill

Question 95

When researchers cannot ethically randomly assign people in an experiment, so they compare groups that already exist.

Answer 95

correlational study

Question 96

When two variables increase and decrease together

Answer 96

positive correlation

Question 97

One of the drawbacks of this type of study is that the conclusion are not very generalizable.

Answer 97

case study

Question 98

When researchers meet with participants at a study's conclusion to reveal information and ensure their well-being

Answer 98

debriefing

Question 99

A variable outside of what is being controlled in the experiment that has an unwanted effect on the results.

Answer 99

confounding variable

Question 100

Research must maintain utmost protection of all participants' information and identity

Answer 100

confidentiality

Question 101

The disadvantage of this descriptive research method is that single cases can be very misleading.

Answer 101

case study

Question 102

The ethical guideline for research in which participants must agree to be part of the study is known as

Answer 102

informed consent

Question 103

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research experiment is known as

Answer 103

operational definition

Question 104

A disadvantage of this descriptive method is that only 50% of the people asked to participate, actually do.

Answer 104

survey

Question 105

Participants are told the green liquid is a new energy drink that offers a nearly instant energy boost. They are asked to list 25 lbs as many times as possible. Then, after rest, they drink the drink and try again. Most do much better after drinking, even though it's really just water.

Answer 105

placebo effect

Question 106

What? nature/nurture - birth, genetics, heredity, predisposition, innate - innate biological factors

Answer 106

nature

Question 107

What? nature/nurture - experience, environment, learn

Answer 107

nurture

Question 108

Which of the following perspectives is most likely to address how the encoding, storing, and retrieval of information might alter our thoughts?

Answer 108

cognitive