Unit 1 Quiz Questions

Question 1

The doctrine of specific nerve energies states that all nerves:

Answer 1

a. work by electrical impulse
b. none of these answers is correct
c. work by chemical signalling
d. work by light stimulation

From Quiz 1

Question 2

What was it that Santiago Ramon y Cajal showed through his research work?

Answer 2

a. Neurons are separate cells, as proposed by the neuron doctrine
b. At rest, the neuron has a negative charge inside the membrane
c. Neurotrophins, like NGF, help neurons grow
d. Action potentials follow the all-or-none law
e. Neurons communicate at specialized junctions called synapses

Question 3

What was interesting about Einstein’s brain?

Answer 3

a. none of these answers is correct
b. had more non-neuron cells than average
c. had more neurons than average
d. was larger than average

Question 4

Why was optogenetics a significant breakthrough in the field of neuroscience?

Answer 4

a. it allows researchers to make glowing animals
b. it was the first time researchers used electrical energy to stimulate the brain
c. it was the first time researchers could control specific types of neurons
d. it was the first time researchers could control activity in the brain

Question 5

After injuring her right hand, Hannah is forced to write with her left. Over time her nervous system to changes in response to experience, and her left-handed handwriting improves. This is an example of:

Answer 5

a. dualism
b. epigenetics
c. correlation
d. neuroplasticity

Question 6

Which question would an evolutionary psychologist ask?

Answer 6

a. How does wing span length affect mate selection in birds?
b. How does aging affect people’s hormone levels?
c. Which hormonal treatments can alleviate sexual problems in mice?
d. How do reproductive behaviors change during the human life span?

[Add reasoning here]

Question 7

Which of the following is an ethical concern that MUST be addressed when working with human participants?

Answer 7

a. let participants know any potential risks associated with the study
b. all of these answers are correct
c. allow participants to quit study at any time
d. be as honest as possible with participants

Question 8

According to the information presented in lecture, what species is the most popular model for animal research?

Answer 8

a. non-human primates
b. zebra finch
c. none of these answers is correct
d. zebrafish

Question 9

According to the study discussed in class, what happened when participants were given information on a study about learning that included eitherpsychological onlyorpsychological and neurosciencefindings?

Answer 9

a. participants rated the psychological only study design less credible, but the findings more credible
b. none of these answers are correct
c. participants rated the psych and neuroscience study design less credible, but the findings more credible
d. participants rated the psych and neuroscience study findings less credible, but the design more credible

Question 10

Biological perspectives focus more on the BLANK of behavior, whereas evolutionary and developmental views focus on the BLANK.

Answer 10

a. when;how
b. what;where
c. why;what
d. how;why

Question 11

These outnumber neurons and provide support functions for them.

Answer 11

Glia

Question 12

Difficulty detecting taste would be due to ———– cranial nerve damage, while difficulty moving the tongue would suggest ———- cranial nerve damage.

Answer 12

afferent; efferent

Question 13

After a particularly bad sinus infection, Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson loses his sense of smell. What cranial nerve is likely at fault?

• vestibulocochlear
• optic
• olfactory
• abducens

Answer 13

olfactory

Question 14

The left side of the brain controls much of the right side of the body. This is referred to as ———– control

Answer 14

contralateral

Question 15

ADD NEURON IMAGE FOR LABELING

Question 16

After a viral infection, Sam Smith is develops shoulder pain and has a difficult time controlling their posture. What nerve was likely affected?

Answer 16

Accessory nerve

Question 17

Pablo Picasso, Rembrandt, and Monet were all artists famous for their creativity, skill and artistic accomplishments. Based on their artistic abilities, we can conclude that each of the men were likely:

• none of these answers is correct
• frontal lobe dominant
• right brain dominant
• left brain dominant

Answer 17

none of these answers is correct

Question 18

When playing with her dog, Bette Midler jokes that he has a “smooth brain” when he does not understand her commands. In humans, actually having fewer gyri than is typical is known as:

Answer 18

lissencephaly

Question 19

Drugs like cocaine work, in part, by attaching to receptors on neurons and causing them to open ion channels. This means that cocaine work on ———– receptors.

Answer 19

ionotropic

Question 20

If we wanted to completely separate the right and left hemispheres, what in what direction (plane) would we need to make the cut?

Answer 20

sagittal

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a major division of the spinal cord?

• cranial
• cervical
• sacral
• thoracic

Answer 21

cranial

Question 22

What level of analysis is used for the researching particular interactions between the different lobes of the brain?

Answer 22

Neural systems

Question 23

Though ———– studies are not able to illustrate ———-, these studies are able to point out which behavioral and bodily variables may be associated.

Answer 23

correlational; causality

Question 24

The human brain contains around how many neurons:

Answer 24

80-90 billion

Question 25

What do the autonomic nervous system’s efferent nerves connect to?

Answer 25

various organs of the body

Question 26

In an alternate universe, a child named Eleven is trying to explain her telekinetic powers with an analogy, saying: “My powers are like bipolar neurons. At one end, there’s -----------, and at the other end, there's ----------. Just like how I can only focus on one thing at a time when I use my powers.”

Answer 26

single thought = single dendrite; a focused action = a single axon

Question 27

In a "Star Trek" scenario, if the efferent nerves of the ANS are like the Enterprise's communication lines, where do you think these 'communication lines' are directed?

Answer 27

various systems of the ship = various organs of the body

Question 28

Joey is having problems with his balance, is unsteady when he walks, and has a tremor in his hands. He goes to the hospital and has an MRI done. Which area of Joey's brain would be examined? * Striatum * Thalamus * Cerebellum * Amygdala

Answer 28

Cerebellum

Question 29

Josh is a linebacker for the Husker football team. After a rough tackle during practice, he felt a bit dizzy and had trouble paying attention in class. He goes to get a ___ scan at the Center for Brain Biology and Behavior (CB3) Lab where they check his brain for any inflammation or changes in blood flow.

Answer 29

fMRI

Question 30

Which of the following are NOT found in the CNS? - microglia - oligodendrocytes - neurons - none of these answers is correct

Answer 30

none of these answers is correct ## Footnote Nervous System Anatomy Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 31

In the brain, a group of axons traveling alongside each other is called a:

Answer 31

- nerve - nucleus - neuron - **tract** | Note: it is called a nerve in the PNS

Question 32

This system includes brain structures including the hippocampus, thalamus, and the amygdala. - the peripheral nervous system - the limbic system - the cranial nerves - the left hemisphere

Answer 32

- the peripheral nervous system - **the limbic system** - the cranial nerves - the left hemisphere

Question 33

Hydrocephalus is a disorder resulting from the body producing too much cerebral spinal fluid. What cells are likely involved with this disorder? - neurons - ependymal cells - all of these answers are correct - purkinje cells

Answer 33

ependymal cells

Question 34

Which of the following is an important advantage of the semi-permeable membrane that surrounds neurons? - because of the makeup of the lipid bilayer, it takes no energy for the cell to maintain the membrane - all of these answers are correct - the membrane keeps ions from moving freely out of the cell - the membrane keeps ions from moving freely into the cell

Answer 34

all of these answers are correct

Question 35

Which of the following structures are lateral to the ribs? (Assume standard anatomical positioning) - shoulder - elbow - wrist - all of these answers are correct

Answer 35

all of these answers are correct

Question 36

Which of the following statements about the spinal cord is accurate? - the spinal cord does not have meningeal support - sagittal cross sections are larger than thoracic cross sections - dorsal roots convey motor information, and ventral roots convey sensory information - gray matter is in the center of the spinal cord, and white matter surrounds it

Answer 36

gray matter is in the center of the spinal cord, and white matter surrounds it

Question 37

Studying neurotransmitter release is an example of the ------- level of analysis. * Neural systems * Molecular * Synaptic * Circuit

Answer 37

Synaptic

Question 38

A research study that involves lesions in specific brain areas in a group of rodents to examine the changes in sleep patterns from a pre-surgery baseline measure is an example of a(n): - experiment with no control group - behavioral intervention experiment - between-participants experiment - within-participants experiment

Answer 38

within-participants experiment

Question 39

Preventing the formation of -------- on dendrites would reduce the number of synapses between cells. - the myelin sheath - the axon hillock - dendritic spines - synaptic vesicles

Answer 39

dendritic spines

Question 40

The blood-brain barrier most fits with which statement: * It is a property of the walls of brain capillaries that prevents large molecules from entering the brain. * It is a property of the blood vessels of the brain that promotes the diffusion of nutrients into the tissue of the brain. * It is a property of neurons that prevents them from accidentally releasing their neurotransmitters into the blood circulation. * It is a part of the immune system that facilitates the release of antibodies to protect the brain from infectious agents.

Answer 40

it is a property of the walls of brain capillaries that prevents large molecules from entering the brain

Question 41

Sherlock Holmes, the famous detective, has a unique ability to make rapid deductions based on his observations. This requires quick transmission of information within his brain. Which part of Sherlock’s neurons is primarily responsible for transmitting these electrical signals rapidly across long distances? - dendrites - the cell body - the axon - synaptic cleft

Answer 41

the axon

Question 42

"Doctor Who," the space-and-time traveling adventurer, uses a mind-bending vessel called the TARDIS (Time and Relative Dimension in Space) to travel throughout the universe. If the human brain is like The TARDIS in that it is bigger on the inside (folded up inside of the skull), why do you think that is the case? * To travel faster through time and space (faster neural transmission) * To regulate the temperature of time travel (increased thermoregulation of the brain) * To fit more rooms and corridors (a larger surface area to fit into the cranial space) * To protect its precious contents (greater protection of the surface of the brain)

Answer 42

to fit more rooms and corriders (a larger surface area to fit into the cranial space)

Question 43

While casting a spell, Hermione Granger needs to perform a series of intricate wand movements. Which part of her brain is primarily responsible for aiding in these precise motor controls? * The hippocampus. * The hypothalamus. * The basal ganglia. * The amygdala.

Answer 43

the basal ganglia

Question 44

Tony Stark, alter ego of Iron Man, is working on a new suit technology. He wants to test the suit's impact on his cognitive abilities without invasive procedures. He decides to use a technique where he directs focused magnetic fields onto specific areas of his brain while he's alert and awake, tracking any changes in his behavior. Which technique is Tony likely using? * Transcranial magnetic stimulation * Positron emission tomography * Utilizing the Arc Reactor * Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Answer 44

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 45

Schwann cells: * produce myelin and might be found in the arms * produce myelin and might be found in the spinal cord * are found primarily in the synaptic cleft * are found in the axon hillock

Answer 45

produce myelin and might be found in the arms

Question 46

Why are spinal cord injuries more likely to be permanent than injuries to the nerves of the hand? * the cells of the CNS do not regenerate as well as the cells of the PNS * the cells of the somatic nervous system do not regenerate as well as the cells of the autonomic nervous system * the cells of the PNS do not regenerate as well as the cells of the CNS * cells of the autonomic nervous system do not regenerate as well as the cells of the somatic nervous system

Answer 46

the cells of the CNS do not regenerate as well as the cells of the PNS

Question 47

Sometimes during the monthly test of the tornado siren, I forget that it is a drill and start to get anxious. My heart rate increasing at the sound of the siren is an example of activity in which of the following: * cranial nerves * sympathetic nervous system * parasympathetic nervous system * central nervous system

Answer 47

sympathetic nervous system

Question 48

Saying that someone is "right brained" tells us what about that person? * they are likely very artistic * they are likely bad at math * none of these answers are correct * they are likely good at math

Answer 48

none of these answers are correct

Question 49

Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors are: * none of these answers is correct * types of ligand gated receptors * found on the presynaptic cell * types of voltage gated receptors

Answer 49

types of ligand gated receptors

Question 50

If we wanted to completely separate the right and left hemispheres, what in what direction (plane) would we need to make the cut? * axial * horizontal * coronal * sagital

Answer 50

sagittal

Question 51

Testing the membrane permeability of a receptor is an example of the ----------- level of analysis. * Systems * Molecular * Synaptic * Neural systems

Answer 51

Molecular

Question 52

The association between learning scores and the size of the human brain is

Answer 52

correlational

Question 53

The following is an accurate description of synaptic vesicles:

Question 54

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have different effects on the organs due to the fact that:

Answer 54

EMAIL PROF - got this one wrong on the quiz and need the right answer

Question 55

You decide you really want pizza for dinner. You call Domino's and place your order for delivery. The delivery driver makes the trip across town. Finally, the driver shows up and hands you your delicious pizza! Comparing a pizza delivery to how information is sent across synapses, which part of the synapse would the trip across town represent?

Answer 55

synaptic cleft

Question 56

Spanning across multiple layers of the cortex, the ______ are known for their unique shape.

Answer 56

pyramidal neurons

Question 57

Angelina Jolie is at a red carpet event when she suddenly experiences dizziness, numbness in her arms, blurry vision, and difficulty speaking. She's rushed to the hospital. Based on her symptoms, what would she be treated for?

Answer 57

stroke

Question 58

Why is consuming a lot of cheese unlikely to raise serotonin levels?

Answer 58

* the body can only produce a limited amount of tryptophan * increased tryptophan reduces serotonin production * **serotonin production is limited by enzyme availability** * precursor loading only works with tryptophan

Question 59

Disrupting vesicular storage would have a(n) ---- effect on a neurotransmitter.

Answer 59

- agonistic - inhibitory - excitatory - **antagonistic**

Question 60

Why does consuming caffeine along with guarana increase the effects of caffeine?

Answer 60

* guarana slows the absorption of caffeine * guarana slows the elimination of caffeine * guarana slows the distribution of caffeine * **guarana slows the metabolism of caffeine**

Question 61

A new drug, Biebertol, is used to treat depression. Drug trials have found that the ED50 for the drug is 10 mg/kg and the LD50 is 50 mg/kg. What dosage should a physician start with?

Answer 61

* cannot tell from the information provided * **10 mg/kg, because it is the ED50** * 50 mg/kg, because it is the LD50 * 30 mg/kg, because it is between the LD50 and ED50

Question 62

Joe Camel is a long time nicotine user. When he decides to quit smoking, he finds that his morning coffee makes him feel more jittery than usual and the effects seem to last longer. Why would this happen?

Answer 62

* his nicotine receptors are now more sensitive to caffeine * none of these answers are correct * nicotine is no longer slowing down his metabolism of caffeine * **nicotine is no longer speeding up his metabolism of caffeine**

Question 63

Research suggests that caffeine metabolism can vary depending on: * diet * age * hormone fluctuations * all of these answers are correct

Answer 63

**all of these answers are correct**

Question 64

# Is it an agonist, antagonist, both, or neither? Methamphetamine forces dopamine out of vesicles, increasing the amount of dopamine released by the presynaptic cell

Answer 64

agonist

Question 65

# Is it an agonist, antagonist, both, or neither? Atropine prevents the release of acetylcholine, and can help maintain proper heart rate

Answer 65

antagonist

Question 66

# Is it an agonist, antagonist, both, or neither? THC mimics anadamide, leading to increased dopamine release

Answer 66

agonist

Question 67

# Is it an agonist, antagonist, both, or neither? Caffeine blocks the inhibitory effects of adenosine, increasing wakefulness

Answer 67

antagonist

Question 68

According to one perspective on drug addiction, a feature shared by all habit-forming drugs is that they

Answer 68

* **have strong rewarding properties.** * cause a chronic maladaptation syndrome. * cause bursts of intense activity. * evoke hallucinations.

Question 69

Noradrenergic axons project into the _______.

Answer 69

* cerebral cortex. * thalamic nuclei. * limbic system. * **All of the above**

Question 70

------- might cause down-regulation of a neuron’s receptors.

Answer 70

* **The agonistic effects of a drug**. * The antagonistic effects of a drug. * Two similar drugs exerting opposite effects. * A drug that both inhibits and excites the nervous system.

Question 71

Second-generation antipsychotics work by blocking

Answer 71

* serotonin receptors. * dopamine receptors. * all dopamine receptor subtypes * **dopamine and serotonin receptors**

Question 72

Cannabinoids are the ------ analog of ------- anadamide.

Answer 72

* endogenous; exogenous * **exogenous; endogenous** * psychoactive; placebo * placebo; psychoactive

Question 73

# According to research, which popular saying about alcohol is correct? * "wine before beer, you're in the clear" * "beer before wine, you'll be fine" * none of these answers are correct * eating a large meal after drinking alcohol will prevent a hangover

Answer 73

**none of these answers are correct**

Question 74

# Does drug effect occur in presynaptic, postsynaptic, both, or neither? block autoreceptors

Answer 74

presynaptic

Question 75

increase drug metabolism in liver

Answer 75

neither presynaptic nor postsynaptic

Question 76

prevent neurotransmitter synthesis

Answer 76

presynaptic

Question 77

bind to receptors and block them

Answer 77

postsynaptic

Question 78

Metabotropic receptors are also known as --------- because they initiate intracellular signaling cascades through the activation of G-proteins

Answer 78

* ionotropic receptors * **G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)** * Inhibitory receptors * Excitatory receptors

Question 79

Which neurotransmitter has pathways projecting from the basal forebrain to cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus?

Answer 79

* **Acetylcholine** * Serotonin * Dopamine * Norepinephrine

Question 80

A drug with ----- affinity binds tightly to its receptor even at low concentrations, while a drug with ----- affinity requires higher concentrations to achieve significant receptor occupancy.

Answer 80

* medium, low * **high, low** * medium, high * low, high

Question 81

Which of these is NOT an effect of drugs on neurotransmitter release?

Answer 81

* Alterations in axon potential propagation * **Alterations in transmitter reuptake** * Alterations of transmitter release through calcium channel blockade * Alterations of autoreceptors

Question 82

Due to electrostatic pressure, K+ ions are attracted to the ----- of the cell.

Answer 82

* dendrite * **intracellular space** * axon * extracellular fluid

Question 83

A localized change in membrane potential that results in the inside of the cell having a charge of -85mV (below RMP) is called a(n) ------.

Answer 83

* **IPSP** * depolarization * EPSP * action potential

Question 84

A neurotransmitter binds to a receptor, opening an ion channel. This opening causes Cl- to leave the cell. This would result in a(n):

Answer 84

* IPSP * none of these answers is correct * **EPSP** * action potential

Question 85

How do action potentials vary to convey different types of sensory information, for example the difference between being touched by a feather and being stepped on by an elephant?

Answer 85

* the size of action potential varies - it can be bigger or smaller * the strength of the action potential varies - it can be stronger or weaker * the type of action potential varies - it can be more negative or more positive * **the timing of firing varies - it can occur more or less frequently**

Question 86

# Which of the following statements is correct? * Only neurons in the CNS use saltatory condution * Only myelinated neurons use saltatory condution * All neurons use saltatory conduction * Only neurons in the PNS use saltatory condution

Answer 86

Only myelinated neurons use saltatory condution

Question 87

What is a ligand? * A type of drug * A type of electrical stimulus. * A cholinergic synapse. * None of these answers is correct.

Answer 87

None of these answers is correct

Question 88

# Hyperpolarizing stimuli have what influence? * decrease the membrane potential. * increase the likelihood the neuron will fire an action potential. * decrease the likelihood the neuron will fire an action potential. * increase movement of sodium ions into the neuron.

Answer 88

decrease the likelihood the neuron will fire an action potential.

Question 89

# In the relative refractory phase, * all gated channels are closed * no amount of stimulation can induce another action potential. * the neuron hyperpolarizes briefly. * voltage-gated sodium channels are open.

Answer 89

the neuron hyperpolarizes briefly

Question 90

How do neurotransmitters move across the synaptic cleft?

Answer 90

* ionic potential * **chemical diffusion** * electrostatic pressure * calcium signalling

Question 91

# Which is NOT one of the ways a neurotransmitter's effects may be ended? * enzymatic degradation * vesicular binding * reuptake * diffusion

Answer 91

vesicular binding

Question 92

# Which of the following statements are correct? * neurotransmitters are released inside the postsynaptic cell * vesicles are made of receptor proteins * neurotransmitters are made in the presynaptic cell * neurotransmitters are released inside the presynaptic cell

Answer 92

neurotransmitters are made in the presynaptic cell

Question 93

Neurotransmitter A is broken down by Enzyme B. If we administer a drug that increases the amount of Enzyme B in the synapse, what effect would you expect to see? * increase diffusion of Neurotransmitter A * reduce the activity of Neurotransmitter A * have no effect on the activity of Neurotransmitter A * increase the activity of Neurotransmitter A

Answer 93

reduce the activity of Neurotransmitter A

Question 94

# Which of the following statements is correct? * none of these answers are correct * serotonin is a neurotrophin * all neurotransmitters are made by breaking down tryptophan * serotonin is made by glial cells

Answer 94

none of these answers is correct

Question 95

# Which accurately describes a step in the synaptic transmission pathway? * vesicles bind to the postsynaptic cell membrane before releasing neurotransmitter into the synapse * neurotransmitter is released after the action potential reaches the axon terminal * excess neurotransmitter is removed from the presynaptic cell * all of these answers are correct

Answer 95

neurotransmitter is released after the action potential reaches the axon terminal

Question 96

# Which best describes the difference between EPSPs and IPSPs? * EPSPs are excitatory postsynaptic potentials that cause the neuron to sleep, while IPSPs are inhibitory postsynaptic potentials that wake the neuron up. * EPSPs are excitatory presynaptic potentials that make the neuron hungry, while IPSPs are inhibitory presynaptic potentials that make the neuron full. * EPSPs are excitatory presynaptic potentials that make the neuron happy, while IPSPs are inhibitory presynaptic potentials that make the neuron sad. * EPSPs are excitatory postsynaptic potentials that depolarize the membrane, while IPSPs are inhibitory postsynaptic potentials that hyperpolarize the membrane.

Answer 96

EPSPs are excitatory postsynaptic potentials that depolarize the membrane, while IPSPs are inhibitory postsynaptic potentials that hyperpolarize the membrane.

Question 97

What is the best explanation for why the lock-and-key analogy is appropriate to describe neurotransmitters and receptors? * Neurotransmitters and receptors can change their shapes like a key and a lock, adapting to different types of signals and stimuli. * Neurotransmitters and receptors are both locked inside the synaptic cleft and need a key to be released into the extracellular fluid. * Neurotransmitters and receptors can fit together like a key and a lock, allowing only certain molecules to activate or block a receptor. * Neurotransmitters and receptors are both made of proteins that have specific shapes and functions.

Answer 97

Neurotransmitters and receptors can fit together like a key and a lock, allowing only certain molecules to activate or block a receptor

Question 98

# Which statement about role of NTs in synaptic transmission is incorrect? * Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft. * The effect of neurotransmitters can be either excitatory or inhibitory, depending on the type of receptor. * Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing changes in its membrane potential. * The binding of neurotransmitters to their receptors is a reversible process.

Answer 98

The binding of neurotransmitters to their receptors is a reversible process.

Question 99

# Based on Penfield’s brain mapping, which statement is true? * The left side of the cortex corresponds to the left side of the body. * The map of the cortex has three hemispheres. * The map of the cortex is proportional to the size of each body part. * The right side of the cortex corresponds to the left side of the body.

Answer 99

The right side of the cortex corresponds to the left side of the body.

Question 100

# Describe the locations of the following structures: - presynaptic cell - vesicles - neurotransmitters - synapse - receptor - postsynaptic cell

Question 101

A ligand gated receptor is embedded in the cell membrane and is responsible for ____. * identifying and responding to molecules of the corresponding neurotransmitter * reabsorption * sending signals through the ion channel * altering the functioning of the postsynaptic neuron

Answer 101

identifying and responding to molecules of the corresponding neurotransmitter ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 102

THC binds to anandamide receptors in the brain and inhibits neurotransmitter release. This is known as the drug's ___. * therapeutic effect * action * side effect * bioavailability

Answer 102

action ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 103

Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT a target for alcohol? * serotonin * GABA * none of these answers are correct * glutamate

Answer 103

None of these answers are correct | got this wrong on quiz ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 104

Caffeine has been shown to produce toxic metabolites in which group?

Answer 104

* college students * all of these answers are correct * human babies * **Dogs** ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 105

# Agonist or antagonist? Caffeine blocks the effects of adenosine, increasing wakefulness

Answer 105

antagonist ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 106

# Agonist or antagonist? Methamphetamines forces dopamine out of vesicles, increasing the amount of dopamine released by the presynaptic cell

Answer 106

agonist ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 107

# Agonist or antagonist? Alcohol binds to GABA receptors and activates their inhibitory effects

Answer 107

agonist ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 108

# Agonist or antagonist? Cocaine blocks dopamine transporters, increasing dopamine in the synapse

Answer 108

agonist ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 109

Drugs that stimulate the which pathway provide powerful positive rewards that may overshadow the pleasures derived from other activities? * Serotonergic * Noradrenergic * Dopaminergic * Cholinergic

Answer 109

Dopaminergic ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 110

Which model of drug abuse and addiction focuses on the addict’s desire to prevent withdrawal symptoms? * Disease * Positive reward * Physical dependence * Moral

Answer 110

Physical dependence ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 111

Individuals who have used a specific dose of a drug several times may develop a similar response to the same dosage of other drugs within the same class. This is an example of _______. * cross-tolerance. * withdrawal. * tolerance. * sensitization.

Answer 111

cross-tolerance ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 112

Which of the following blocks the release of ACh from axon terminals at the injection site? * Curare * Cocaine * Tetrodotoxin * Botulinum toxin

Answer 112

Botulinum toxin | got this wrong on quiz (chose "curare") ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 113

When administering a new drug, what dosage should an experimenter start with? * AM20 * SF90 * ED50 * LD50

Answer 113

ED50 ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 114

Which of the following conclusions were supported by the study discussed in class? * order of alcohol consumption is unrelated to hangover symptoms * consuming beer before wine is most likely to result in a hangover * consuming wine before beer is most likely to result in a hangover * consuming hard liquor was always associated with strong hangover symptoms

Answer 114

order of alcohol consumption is unrelated to hangover symptoms ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 115

# Match drug effect to location: presynaptic, postsynaptic, neither, both block autoreceptors

Answer 115

presynaptic ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 116

# Match drug effect to location: presynaptic, postsynaptic, neither, both increase drug metabolism in the liver

Answer 116

neither presynaptic nor postsynaptic ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 117

# Match drug effect to location: presynaptic, postsynaptic, neither, both prevent neurotransmitter synthesis

Answer 117

presynaptic ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 118

# Match drug effect to location: presynaptic, postsynaptic, neither, both bind to receptors and block them

Answer 118

postsynaptic ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 119

Neurotransmitters are sent from the axon terminals into the synapse. These neurotransmitter molecules then diffuse across the synaptic cleft and come into contact with ------- on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron.

Answer 119

receptors ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 120

Which neurotransmitter has pathways projecting from the raphe nuclei to the forebrain and from the brainstem to the spinal cord? * Acetylcholine * Norepinephrine * Dopamine * Serotonin

Answer 120

Serotonin ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 121

Partial agonist drugs activate receptors to a ________ extent compared to full agonists.

Answer 121

* greater * **lesser** * similar ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 122

Which of these is NOT an effect of drugs on neurotransmitter release? * Alterations in transmitter reuptake * Alterations of transmitter release through calcium channel blockade * Alterations in axon potential propagation * Alterations of autoreceptors

Answer 122

Alterations in transmitter reuptake ## Footnote quiz 3 attempt 2

Question 123

Which of the following is an example of a "rate limiting" step in the serotonin synthesis pathway? * tryptophan hydroxylase * serotonin * melatonin * tryptophan

Answer 123

tryptophan hydroxylase ## Footnote Quiz 3 attempt 3

Question 124

Disrupting vesicular storage would have a(n) ------ effect on a neurotransmitter. * inhibitory * agonistic * excitatory * antagonistic

Answer 124

antagonistic ## Footnote Quiz 3 attempt 3

Question 125

Why is combining alcohol with caffeine a dangerous practice? * it speeds up the metabolism of the alcohol * it reduces the drinker's BAC * none of these answers is correct * it makes the alcohol taste better

Answer 125

none of these answers is correct ## Footnote Quiz 3 attempt 3

Question 126

Which of the following prevents hangover symptoms, according to lecture? * eating a high fat meal before consuming alcohol * none of these answers are correct * eating a high protein meal after consuming alcohol * drinking on an empty stomach

Answer 126

none of these answers are correct ## Footnote Quiz 3 attempt 3

Question 127

What does it mean that caffeine is highly lipid soluble? * it can easily cross the blood brain barrier * in can be absorbed through the skin * it affects many different organs in the body * all of these answers are correct

Answer 127

all of these answers are correct ## Footnote Quiz 3 attempt 3

Question 128

Which of the following chemicals is not a catecholamine neurotransmitter? * Epinephrine * Norepinephrine * Dopamine * Serotonin

Answer 128

serotonin | Got this wrong on quiz ## Footnote Quiz 3 attempt 3

Question 129

Chronic abusers of amphetamines have sometimes been misdiagnosed as suffering from which of the following? * Schizophrenia. * Depression. * Autism. * Panic disorder.

Answer 129

schizophrenia ## Footnote Quiz 3 attempt 3

Question 130

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) appears to exert its influence through its interactions with receptors for which neurotransmitter? * Serotonin. * Dopamine. * Norepinephrine. * Glycine.

Answer 130

serotonin ## Footnote Quiz 3 attempt 3

Question 131

# Match drug effect to location: presynaptic, postsynaptic, both, neither prevent neurotransmitter release

Answer 131

presynaptic ## Footnote Quiz 3 attempt 3

Question 132

# Match drug effect to location: presynaptic, postsynaptic, both, neither stimulate autoreceptors

Answer 132

presynaptic ## Footnote Quiz 3 attempt 3

Question 133

# Match drug effect to location: presynaptic, postsynaptic, both, neither* bind to receptors and activate them

Answer 133

Answered both, but I think it's just **postsynaptic**? need to check | I think I got this one wrong, not 100% on answer ## Footnote Quiz 3 attempt 3

Question 134

# Match drug effect to location: presynaptic, postsynaptic, both, neither increase absorption rates of drug in the stomach

Answer 134

neither ## Footnote Quiz 3 attempt 3

Question 135

------- tolerance involves neurons changing the number of receptors available at their synapses, while ------ tolerance involves organs becoming more effective at drug elimination. * functional, exposure * enzymatic, metabolic * metabolic, functional * functional, metabolic

Answer 135

functional; metabolic ## Footnote Quiz 3 attempt 3

Question 136

dopamine release in this brain area is strongly associated with drugs of abuse, but also the rewarding effects of food and fun

Answer 136

nucleus accumbens ## Footnote Unit 1 crossword

Question 137

the brain and spinal cord

Answer 137

CNS ## Footnote Unit 1 crossword

Question 138

This model says addiction is a medical condition and requires treatment

Answer 138

disease model ## Footnote Unit 1 crossword

Question 139

number of sodium ions pumped out of cell by NA/K pumps

Answer 139

3 ## Footnote Unit 1 crossword

Question 140

# l layer of meninges closes to the survace of the brain

Answer 140

pia mater ## Footnote Unit 1 crossword

Question 141

the ------- nervous system cools us down after fight or flight

Answer 141

parasympathetic ## Footnote Unit 1 crossword

Question 142

sodium is pushed in the cell by electrostatic and ------ pressures

Answer 142

chemical diffusion ## Footnote Unit 1 crossword

Question 143

the amount of tryptophan hydroxylase in the body is a --------- step, aka why we can't increase serotonin production with precursor loading

Answer 143

rate-limiting step ## Footnote Unit 1 crossword

Question 144

caffeine's -------- rate can be changed by guarana, enzyme levels, hormones, medications, etc.

Answer 144

metabolism ## Footnote Unit 1 crossword

Question 145

drugs with a wider ------ index are generally safer

Answer 145

therapeutic

Question 146

activating one of these receptors releases a g-protein

Answer 146

metabotropic ## Footnote Unit 1 crossword

Question 147

family of chemicals that promote health and growth of neurons

Answer 147

neurotrophins ## Footnote Unit 1 crossword

Question 148

alcohol's --------- rate can be affected by the presence of food in the stomach

Answer 148

absorption ## Footnote Unit 1 crossword

Question 149

without -------, action potentials in brain cells would move more slowly

Answer 149

oligodendrocytes | myelin speeds up CNS action potentials, oligodendrocytes create myelin ## Footnote Unit 1 crossword

Question 150

the winners of the war of the sparks and the soups

Answer 150

soups

Question 151

ethical principle that applies to work with animals, says techniques and training must be best available

Answer 151

refinement | Know the other ones

Question 152

time when an action potential is not possible is ------- refractory period

Answer 152

absolute

Question 153

addition of ------- charged ions to inside of cell would lead to an IPSP

Answer 153

negatively

Question 154

"input" area of the neuron, most commonly

Answer 154

dendrites

Question 155

neuroimaging technique used to visual brain activity using magnets

Answer 155

MRI

Question 156

# l large, "star shaped" glia cells, help form tripartite synapses, support neurons

Answer 156

astrocytes

Question 157

------- conduction is impossible without myelin

Answer 157

saltatory

Question 158

------ potential, maintained by NA/K pumps

Answer 158

resting membrane

Question 159

localized, short-term depolarization in the membrane potential

Answer 159

EPSP

Question 160

damage to this lobe results in loss of vision

Answer 160

occipital

Question 160

Xanax is an example of these "safer" more commonly prescribed anti-anxiety drugs

Answer 160

benzodiazepenes

Question 161

nearly all pleasurable experiences activate reward pathway and this NT

Answer 161

dopamine

Question 162

Schwann cells provide myelin for cells in the

Answer 162

PNS

Question 163

idea popular with the public, based on bad science

Answer 163

phrenology

Question 164

the correct term for measuring "brain waves"

Answer 164

EEG

Question 165

----- scan, x-ray of the brain

Answer 165

CT

Question 166

hallucinogen that may be useful for treating addiction

Answer 166

LSD

Question 167

# Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist? Dopamine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, increasing the entry of Na+ ions

Answer 167

excitatory

Question 168

# Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist? Multiple EPSPs increase the cell membrane at the axon hillock, causing Na+ to rush into the cell

Answer 168

Excitatory

Question 169

# Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist? A neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors, opening an ion channel that allow K+ to flow out of the cell

Answer 169

inhibitory

Question 170

# Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist? Alcohol increases the inhibitory activity of GABA on the postsynaptic cell

Answer 170

agonist

Question 171

# Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist? Prozac increases the presence of serotonin, leading to increased mood

Answer 171

agonist

Question 172

# Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist? Chlorine binding to a postsynaptic receptor results in an IPSP

Answer 172

inhibitory

Question 173

# Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist? Pipitol prevents neurons from creating glutamate, a commonly excitatory neurotransmitter

Answer 173

antagonist

Question 174

# Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist? Adenosine naturally reduces the release of acetylcholine

Answer 174

antagonist

Question 175

# Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist? THC mimics the body's own production of anandamide

Answer 175

agonist

Question 176

# Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist? A cell experiences a single EPSP at the same time as multiple IPSPs, resulting in the membrane hyperpolarizing. Together the effect is:

Answer 176

inhibitory

Question 177

# identify the receptor type: activated when a chemical binds to it

Answer 177

ligand-gated

Question 178

# identify the receptor type: An action potential reaches the axon hillock and calcium channels open as a result

Answer 178

voltage-gated

Question 179

# identify the receptor type: Glutamate binds to a receptor on a dendrite, this results in an ion channel in the axon hillock opening

Answer 179

metabotropic

Question 180

# identify the receptor type: Activation leads to the opening of an ion channel

Answer 180

ionotropic

Question 181

# identify the receptor type: Dopamine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell

Answer 181

ligand gated

Question 182

# identify the receptor type: Causes immediate (fast) changes in membrane potential, at the site of the receptor

Answer 182

ionotropic

Question 183

# identify the receptor type: Changes to membrane potential are slower, and may occur some distance from the receptor

Answer 183

metabotropic

Question 184

# identify the receptor type: sodium channels at the axon hillock (with ball and chain) are an example of these

Answer 184

voltage-gated

Question 185

What is the most commonly used animal model in research?

Answer 185

mice

Question 186

What is the least commonly used animal model in research?

Answer 186

non-human primates

Question 187

Which species' short lifespans allow us to study development?

Answer 187

fruit flies

Question 188

What animals are used to study sex differences?

Answer 188

Zebra Finches, Fruit Flies | Check notes to make sure these are the only two

Question 189

Which species has neurons 100x the size of a human neuron?

Answer 189

Anaspidea

Question 190

How are researchers studying regeneration in the nervous system?

Answer 190

Looking at zebrafish and their ability to regenerate eyes, fins, etc. | Double check notes