Unit 1 Respiratory

Question 1

Which muscles tense and relax the vocal cords? Which muscles abduct and adduct the vocal cords?

Answer 1

Question 2

Which muscles abduct and adduct the vocal cords?

Answer 2

Question 3

Describe the sensory innervation of the upper airway.

Answer 3

Question 4

How does reccurent laryngeal nerve injury affect the integrity of the airway?

Answer 4

Question 5

How does superior laryngeal nerve injury affect the integrity of the airway?

Answer 5

Question 6

Name 3 airway blocks, and identify the key landmarks for each one.

Answer 6

Question 7

What are the 3 paired and 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

Answer 7

Question 8

What is the treatment for laryngospasm?

Answer 8

Question 9

Describe how the respiratory muscles function during the breathing cycle.

Answer 9

Question 10

What is the difference between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation?

Answer 10

Question 11

Define the 4 types of dead space.

Answer 11

Question 12

Provide an example for each type of dead space.

Answer 12

Question 13

What does the alveolar compliance curve tell you?

Answer 13

Question 14

What does the V/Q ratio represent?

Answer 14

Question 15

Define the West Zones of the lung

Answer 15

Question 16

Recite the alveolar gas equation

Answer 16

Question 17

What is the A-a gradient, and what factors affect it?

Answer 17

Question 18

List the 5 causes of hypoxemia? Which ones are reversed with supplemental oxygen?

Answer 18

Question 19

Define the 5 lung volumes, and give reference values for each.

Answer 19

Question 20

Define the capacities, and give reference values for each

Answer 20

Question 21

What factors influence FRC?

Answer 21

Question 22

Why can’t spirometry measure FRC?

Answer 22

Question 23

What tests can measure FRC?

Answer 23

Question 24

What is closing volume, and what increases it?

Answer 24

Question 25

State the equation and normal value for oxygen carrying capacity.

Answer 25

Question 26

State the equation and normal value for oxygen delivery

Answer 26

Question 27

Discuss the factors that alter the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 27

The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve tells us how hgb binds to oxygen.

Question 28

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Answer 28

Question 29

Describe the Bohr effect

Answer 29

Question 30

Describe the Haldane effect

Answer 30

Question 31

List the 3 primary causes of hypercapnia, and provide examples of each

Answer 31

Question 32

Describe the 4 areas in the respiratory center

Answer 32

Question 33

Contrast the location and function of the central and peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 33

Question 34

Which reflex prevents overinflation of the lungs?

Answer 34

Hering-Breuer inflation reflex

Question 35

What is hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction?

Answer 35

Question 36

What things impair HPV, and what is the consequence of this?

Answer 36

Question 37

What does the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide tell us?

Answer 37

Question 38

How is tabacco smoke harmful?

Answer 38

Question 39

Describe the short and intermediate term benefits of smoking cessation.

Answer 39

Question 40

Compare and contrast pulmonary function tests in obstructive vs restrictive lung disease

Answer 40

Question 41

Discuss the following pulmonary flow-volume loops: normal, obstructive, and fixed obstruction

Answer 41

Question 42

Give an example of a disease that produces the following pulmonary flow-volume loops: obstructive, restrictive, and fixed obstruction.

Answer 42

Question 43

What is the treatment for acute bronchospasm?

Answer 43

Question 44

What is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?

Answer 44

Question 45

Describe the goals and strategies for mechanical ventilation in the patient with COPD

Answer 45

Question 46

Define restrictive lung disease

Answer 46

Question 47

Give examples of intrinsic lung disease (acute and chronic)

Answer 47

Question 48

Give examples of extrinsic lung disease (acute and chronic)

Answer 48

Question 49

List the risk factors for aspiration pneumonitis

Answer 49

Question 50

Describe the pharmacologic prophylaxis of aspiration pneumonits

Answer 50

Question 51

What is Mendelson's syndrome?

Answer 51

Question 52

Describe the treatment of aspiration

Answer 52

Question 53

Discuss the pathophysiology and treatment of flail chest

Answer 53

Question 54

Define pulmonary hypertension, and discuss the goals of anesthetic management

Answer 54

Question 55

Discuss the pathophysiology of carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 55

Question 56

Discuss the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 56

Question 57

List the absolute and relative indications to one-lung ventilation

Answer 57

Question 58

Discuss how anesthesia in the lateral decubitis position affects the V/Q relationship

Answer 58

Question 59

Discuss the management of hypoxemia during one-lung ventilation

Answer 59

Question 60

What is mediastinoscopy, and why is it performed?

Answer 60

Question 61

What are the potential complications of mediastinoscopy? What is the most common?

Answer 61

Question 62

Describe the Mallampati score

Answer 62

Question 63

Describe the inter-incisor gap. What is normal?

Answer 63

Question 64

What is the thyromental distance, and what values suggest an increased risk of difficult intubation?

Answer 64

Question 65

What is the mandibular protrusion test, and what values suggest an increased risk of difficult intubation?

Answer 65

Question 66

What conditions impair the atlanto-occipital mobility?

Answer 66

Question 67

Describe the Cormack and Lehanne score

Answer 67

Question 68

List 5 factors for difficult mask ventilation

Answer 68

Question 69

List 10 risk factors for difficult tracheal intubation

Answer 69

Question 70

List 6 risk factors for difficult supraglottic device placement

Answer 70

Question 71

List 5 risk factors for difficult invasive airway placement

Answer 71

Question 72

What is angioedema?

Answer 72

Question 73

What are two common causes of angioedema? What is the treatment for each?

Answer 73

Question 74

What is Ludwig's angina?

Answer 74

Question 75

What is the best way to secure the airway in a patient with Ludwig's angina?

Answer 75

Question 76

Describe the Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting and Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration

Answer 76

Question 77

List the 4 types of oropharyngeal airways. Which are best suited for fiberoptic intubation?

Answer 77

Question 78

When is the best time to use an Eschmann introducer?

Answer 78

Question 79

When is a nasopharyngeal airway contraindicated?

Answer 79

Question 80

Contrast the maximum recommended cuff pressure for an endotracheal tube vs LMA

Answer 80

Question 81

Contrast the maximum recommended peak inspiratory pressures for an LMA-Unique vs LMA-Proseal vs LMA-Supreme

Answer 81

Question 82

What is the largest size endotracheal tube that can be passed through each LMA size?

Answer 82

Question 83

List 6 indications for the Bullard laryngoscope

Answer 83

Question 84

Describe the proper placement of the lighted stylet.

Answer 84

Question 85

List 5 indications for the use of a bronchial blocker

Answer 85

Question 86

How can the lumen of the bronchial blocker be used during one lung ventilation?

Answer 86

Question 87

List 2 indications for retrograde intubation

Answer 87

Question 88

Compare and contrast the benefits of awake vs deep extubation

Answer 88

Question 89

When is the best time to use an airway exchange catheter, and what can you do with it?

Answer 89