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unit 1 review Flashcards

1
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

father of psychology, combined physiology and philosophy and established the first psych lab in germany

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2
Q

structuralism

A

belief that understanding structure is more important than function, that mind must be broken into elements to understand the brain and its functions

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3
Q

introspection

A

looking inward to understand thoughts and emotions

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4
Q

functionalism

A

understanding how the conscious mind is related to behavior

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5
Q

William James

A

functionalist

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6
Q

early behaviorism

A

study of observable events, shift to more science based studies

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7
Q

John Watson

A

Little Albert Experiment, believed that observable events are the only ones that can be proven true

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8
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

suggests the whole is different than the sum of its parts, and that humans see the greater whole

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9
Q

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic approaches

A

focus on the unconscious mind and past/childhood experiences. strongly influenced by Freudian ideas and principles

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10
Q

humanistic approach

A

belief that humans have free will and the ability to grow. all individuals strive for self-actualization and to reach their greatest potential.

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11
Q

evolutionary approach

A

uses evolutionary biology to explain human behavior, studies the connection of natural selection and to ancestors

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12
Q

biological approach

A

behaviors are based on physical processes (neurons, brain, chemicals)

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13
Q

cognitive approach

A

thought processes impact the way people behave

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14
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

acknoledges all of a persons aspects, biological, psychological, and social

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15
Q

sociocultural approach

A

studies how thinking and behavior varies across cultures and situations

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16
Q

biological psychology

A

says that physical processes effect behavior (ex: anger is due to chemical imbalance in brain)

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17
Q

clinical psychology

A

branch of psychology that focuses on assessing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders

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18
Q

cognitive psychology

A

studies mental processes associated with thinking, knowing, and communicating

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19
Q

counseling psychology

A

focus on personal issues that are not classified as disorders, therapists that help people cope with challenges in their lives

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20
Q

developmental psychology

A

studies social, cognitive, and behavioral across lifetime, “womb to tomb”

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21
Q

educational psychology

A

study how psychological processes can impact or improve learning and education

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22
Q

experimental psychology

A

using experiments to study the relationship between behaviors and the mind

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23
Q

Industrial-organizational psychology

A

studies relationship between work and people to increase productivity and help companies

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24
Q

personality psychology

A

study of how personality affects the way we think and behave

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25
psychometric psychology
focuses on psychological measurements and psychological examinations
26
social psychology
studies how humans affect one another and how we relate, think, and behave with each other
27
experiments
manipulating one or more independent variable to determine the effects strengths: 1) can determine cause and effect 2) can be retested and proven weaknesses: 1) potential ethical issues 2) low realism
28
correlational studies
looking at the relationship between two or more variables when performing an experiment is not an option CORRELATION IS NOT CAUSATION strengths: 1) easier to conduct than experiment weaknesses: 1) can not determine cause and effect
29
survey research
collection of info reported by people about a certain topic strengths: 1) cost-effective 2) mostly reliable weaknesses: 1) low response rates 2) can not determine accuracy of indiv. responses
30
naturalistic observations
researcher observes subjects behavior without intervention strengths: 1) natural setting is more reliable than lab weaknesses: 1) hawthorne effect- people act differently if they know they are being watched 2) researches who observe the same behavior can draw different conclusions
31
case study
in depth observation of a person or group of people strengths: 1) provides detailed info weaknesses: 1) can not generalize to entire population 2) time-consuming 3) difficult to recreate
32
longitudal studies
same people are observed over a long period of time strengths: 1) can show effects/changes over time 2) more accurate than cross-sectional study weaknesses: 1) time consuming 2) expensive
33
cross-sectional studies
examines different groups of people at the same time (diff age, gender, etc) strengths: 1) quick and easy to conduct 2) results can be generalized weaknesses: 1) difficult to find a population that varies by only one factor 2) can not measure changes over time
34
basic research
learning more about something and expanding
35
applied research
answers a specific question and is used to solve a problem or do something practical
36
theory
made by researcher to try and explain what behavior is being observed
37
operational definition
used to avoid bias and describe something in a way that all researchers can use
38
independent variable
variable that changes in an experiment
39
dependent variable
variable that is being measured
40
confounding variable
outside influence that changes the effect if the independent and dependent variables
41
hawthorne effect
idea that people will act differently if they know they are being watched by a researcher
42
control variables
variables that remain constant throughout the experiment
43
random assignment
when participants are randomly assigned to a group
44
random sample
random portion of the population is selected
45
sampling bias
result of flawed sampling that produces unrepresentative sample
46
experimenter bias
when researchers influence the results of a experiment so it produces a certain outcome
47
hindsight bias
tendency to believe you knew it all along
48
overconfidence
when we are over confident about what we find or believe it can mislead others
49
external validity
refers to generalizable the experiment results are
50
internal validity
when a study shows a truthful cause and effect relationship
51
descriptive research
to observe and record behavior
52
correlational research
to detect naturally occurring relationships between things
53
experimental research
to explore cause and effect
54
descriptive statistics
use of numerical data to describe and measure certain characteristics
55
inferential statistics
uses statistical methods to make inferences of populations
56
correlation coefficient
statistical measure that shows strength and direction of the relationship between two variables
57
normal curve
bell shaped distribution
58
bimodal distribution
two peaks
59
positively skewed
extends to the right
60
negatively skewed
extends to the left
61
statistical significance
liklihood that something occurred by chance
62
ethical guidelines
informed consent minimal deception deception debriefing protection from harm or discomfort anonymity no coercion
63
Institutional Review Boards (IRB)
committee that reviews research studies involving humans for ethics
64
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
reviews research studies involving animals for ethics violations

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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