Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO 121 Terzaghi > Unit #1 Review Session Cards sheet 2 > Flashcards

Unit #1 Review Session Cards sheet 2 Flashcards

(70 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are hydrophobic interactions, and why are they important for living organisms?

A

They are nonpolar and not charged; they interact with other hydrophobic molecules

  • Water repels them / pushes hydrophobics away
  • Water excludes these molecules forcing them to associate with each other

*H2O determines shape of biopolymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why do water and oil separate after you shake them up?

A

Water will force/push oil away

*Oil is nonpolar

Ex: water pushes hydrophobic molecules away and forms shape of protein
*Protein shape not right = disorder b/c can’t function right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a mole (to a chemist)?

A

Quantity of a chemical that contains avogadro’s number

*Easier to weigh molecules than count them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is pH and why is it important to living organisms?

  • name of 2 ions
  • scale
  • neutral
  • which way means what
A

H2O → H+ + OH-

Water (pH = 7) → proton/hydrogen ion + hydroxyl

0————7————14
pH scale runs from 0 to 14

7 is neutral

From 7 to 0…the number of OH- decreases and the number of H+ increases
Solution becomes more acidic

From 7 to 14…the number of OH- increases and the number of H+ decreases
Solution becomes more basic

In living systems, pH must remain constant
pH of blood = 7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the difference in [H+] between a solution whose pH is 5 and a solution whose pH is 8?

A

5-6-7-8
X 10 each time to the right

1000 or 10^3 more protons in 5 than 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Minimizes change in H+ or OH- concentrations in a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the formula for determining pH?

A

pH = -log [H+]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which pH ion is acidic and which is base?

A

proton / hydrogen ion = acidic

hydroxyl = basic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is life based on carbon?

A 
Needs 4 electrons
Shares them (covalent bond)

C IS A great covalent bonder

*forms backbone of many biopolymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a functional group (in organic chemistry) and why are they so important?

A

Groups of atoms that confer certain chemical properties on the molecules in which they are found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Please list the 7 most important functional groups in biological molecules.

A
  • OH hydroxyl
  • CO carbonyl
  • COOH carboxyl
  • CH3 methyl (nonpolar)
  • SH sulfhydryl
  • PO4 phosphate (add energy)
  • NH2 amino (basic)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a macromolecule, and what features do all macromolecules have in common?

A

Large molecule

Polymer of similar polar units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What types of macromolecules do you find in living organisms?

A

Polymers ( - monomers)

Polysaccharides (carbohydrates)

  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides

Proteins
*Amino acids

Lipids
*Fat is made of fatty acids and glycerol

Nucleic acids
*nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a dehydration reaction?

A

Used to build a polymer from its monomers

H+ and OH- → H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

What is a catabolism reaction?

A

Reaction that builds
*ex: dehydration

Catabolism: reaction breaks down hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a hydrolytic reaction?

A

Used to break down a polymer into its monomers

Add water into bond to separate

Ex: Bread into water
Digestion of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a carbohydrate, and what functions do carbohydrates perform?

A

Sugar functions:
Source of energy
Structure
Signaling - these molecules are used for cell to cell communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why are carbohydrates good for storing energy?

A

C-H

Carbohydrates have a large number of C-H bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Isomer: molecules with the same structural formula, but atoms are arranged differently

C6H12O6 is the structural formula for three sugars:
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

** atoms are arranged differently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Difference between isomers and isotopes?

A

isomers =
molecules
same structural formula
different arrangement

isotopes =
element
different # of neutrons
different atomic masses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

suffix: “ose”

A

sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

suffix: “ase”

A

enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the difference between a structural isomer and a stereoisomer?

A

Structural isomers: have functional groups attached to different C (which C the O is on)

Stereoisomer: have functional groups attached in different orientations, but functional groups on the same C (which side the hydroxyl is attached to the carbon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a transport disaccharide?

A

Made from 2 monosaccharides

These disaccharides are made by plants to keep the sugars from being metabolized as they pass down to the roots for storage
*plant cells would grab and use monosaccharides for energy

Maximizes the amount of sugar that gets stored in the root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the similarity between starch, glycogen and cellulose?
Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all polymers of glucose
26
What is Alpha and Beta glucose?
Alpha glucose: hydroxyl on bottom Beta glucose: hydroxyl on top
27
What linkages do the following have? starch glycogen cellulose
Starch: 1-4 linkage Glycogen: 1-6 linkages Cellulose: 1-4 linkages
28
What kind of glucose are the following: starch glycogen cellulose
Starch: polysaccharide polymer of alpha-glucose Glycogen: polysaccharide polymer of alpha-glucose Cellulose: polysaccharide polymer of beta-glucose
29
Where do the following occur / made by ? starch glycogen cellulose
Starch: produced by plants Glycogen: produced in liver made by animals Cellulose: made by plants (cell walls)
30
Soluble or insoluble in water: starch glucose cellulose
Starch: insoluble Glycogen: soluble Cellulose: insoluble
31
What is the structure of ... starch cellulose
Form long chains no coils used as a structural molecule -------------------------- Chain of glucose units is unbranched folds into coils due to hydrogen bonding
32
Why is starch insoluble in water?
Its hydrogen bonds to itself so no hydrogen bonds are available to interact with water Water will exclude or repel starch
33
What is carbo-loading and how does it work?
Strategy used by athlete, e.g marathon runner Diet before the race designed to load up on glycogen - lots of carbs, pasta, grains Muscle will have a good supply of sugar in the form of glycogen for the race Glycogen will also store a lot of water
34
Why is it so much harder to digest cellulose than starch?
We do not have the enzyme to break down cellulose Cellulose goes out the way it went in - roughage Not a source of energy
35
Why do beans give you gas?
Beans contain raffinose sugars with alpha galactose 1-6 links that humans cannot digest easily bacteria can ferment these sugars, but give off gas as a result
36
What are proteins?
Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by dehydration
37
What functions do proteins perform?
Structural (hair, finger nails) Energy storage (casein in milk) Catalyst - enzyme increases rates of reactions Transporter Signaling molecules Defense (immune system)
38
How many amino acids are there?
20
39
What are amino acids, and what are the five groups of amino acids?
Amino acid - subunit of a protein 5 R groups 1. ionizable (acidic and basic) 2. polar 3. non-polar 4. aromatic (c-containing rings) 5. special function
40
Why do we say that proteins are made “N to C”?
Proteins are made N to C Link amino of the incoming amino acid to the COOH (carboxyl) of the chain of amino acids Amino is the NOSE , carboxyl is the TAIL
41
Why is the structure of a protein so important? What happens if the structure is wrong? What determines the shape?
Structure of a protein determines its function If a protein doesn’t fold correctly, it will not work Ex: genetic disorders Sequence of amino acids determines the shape of the protein So The sequence of the amino acids MUST BE CORRECT
42
What is a primary structure of a protein?
sequence of amino acids in a protein (determined by sequence of nucleotides in DNA) This sequence ultimately determines the 3D shape of the protein
43
What is a secondary structure of a protein?
amino acid chain takes on a shape due to hydrogen bonds between amino and carboxyl groups
44
What is a tertiary structure of a protein?
protein assumes 3D shape due to interactions between the R groups with water
45
What is a quaternary structure of a protein? Do all proteins contain these?
some proteins require two more more polypeptide chains in their structure; final shape of a protein with two or more subunits (polypeptide chains (chains of amino acids) Not all proteins have quaternary structures but all have one through three
46
What is a motif, and what is a domain and how do they differ (when talking about protein structure)?
Protein motif: combination of secondary structures in a protein Incapable of functioning independently Used to infer functions of unknown protein Domain: structurally independent section of a protein that has a certain function connected to other domains by a single polypeptide chain *Many proteins are a combination of various domains
47
Why do proteins fold into their tertiary structure?
Tertiary structure is due to interactions between water and R groups Hydrophobic amino acids pushed to middle of protein Hydrophilic amino acids pulled out to interact with water
48
What types of bonds help proteins maintain their tertiary structure?
Tertiary structure of protein is due to interactions of R groups with water * Polar amino acids exposed on the outside of a protein * Nonpolar pushed inside the protein, away from water *Hydrogen bonds with water, between N and C of backbone, between R groups * Van Der Waals interactions * Disulfide bridges
49
Why do proteins fold into their final structure faster than we expect?
Chaperonins - proteins that help other proteins fold into their tertiary structure
50
What are nucleic acids?
Polymers of nucleotides that contain information in the sequence of their nucleotides DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid RNA - ribonucleic acid
51
What are the functions of DNA?
DNA stores genetic information in the sequence of its nucleotides
52
What are the functions of RNA?
RNA retrieves data
53
What are nucleic acids made of?
Nucleotides (4 diff kinds) - [monomer] - Phosphate - 5C sugar - Nitrogenous base (N) P I S -- N Nucleic acid - nucleotides put together in a certain order [polymer] * dehydration reaction
54
What are the two kinds of bases found in nucleic acids?
Purines **angles are pure** adenine (A) guanine (G) ``` Pyrimidines ** CUT the Py** Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Uracil (U) ```
55
What bases do you find in DNA and what bases do you find in RNA?
DNA contains: A, G, T, C RNA contains: A, G, U, C * *no thymine is RNA** * *N uracil in DNA**
56
What function do bases serve in nucleic acids?
Order of bases code information or Order of bases in DNA stores genetic information A T, C, G
57
What is the primary structure of a nucleic acid?
DNA: 2 antiparallel strand of nucleotides - ladder [bases (connected to sugar) = rungs , phosphates and sugars = sides] RNA: 1 strand of nucleotides (A,T,C,G) DNA is made out of DNA nucleotides (A,T C,G) RNA is made out of RNA nucleotides (A,U,C,G)
58
Why do we say that nucleic acids are made 5’ to 3’?
Incoming nucleotide 5’ PO4 (nose) joins the 3’ end OH (tail) of nucleotide chain
59
Why do we care that nucleic acids are made 5’ to 3’?
Bases are read 5’ to 3’ Nucleic acids have a distinct directionality and we can refer to either end specifically 5’ AATTTTCCGG 3’
60
What are the main differences between DNA and RNA? ``` Sugar Nitrogen bases # of strands Stability Function Catalytic property Structure ```
``` DNA: -deoxyribose -ATCG -2 -More stable -Store genetic information -no -Primary structure: “ladder” No secondary structure Tertiary structure: double helix ``` ``` RNA -ribose -AUCG -1 -unstable -Retrieves information -Yes (rare) *ribozymes -Complicated structure, depends on type of RNA Some RNA have secondary structure that allows it to be catalytic *probs evolved first* ```
61
What holds the backbone of a nucleic acid together?
Phosphodiester bonds between the P and S of the “backbone” - these are covalent bonds Between nucleotides
62
Chargaff's Rule: what bonds exist and how many?
Apples in trees (A-T) : 2 h bonds Cars in the Garage (C-G) : 3 h bond H bonds in between the nucleotides
63
carbons in nucleic acid | and glucose?
Nucleic acids = 5 Carbon | Glucose = 6 Carbon
64
What compounds are the 5' and 3' side near ?
``` Phosphate = 5’ Hydroxyl = 3’ ``` ** always add to 3' **
65
What is the 3˚ structure of a DNA molecule?
Double helix
66
What holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together?
hydrogen bonds Nucleotides as a whole = covalent bonds
67
Why can’t RNA form a double helix ?
RNA is only one strand of nucleotides Ribose is too big and bulky
68
Why does RNA adopt complicated shapes?
Interactions between nucleotides cause the formation of a number of different shapes, depending on the type of RNA
69
What is a ribozyme?
RNA with catalytic activity
70
Why do most biologists believe that RNA came before DNA?
Can catalyze reactions Can replicate itself RNA polymerase is older than DNA polymerase

BIO 121 Terzaghi (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions