Unit 1: Scientific Founadation Of Psychology Flashcards
(52 cards)
Our genetics determine our behavior. Our personality traits and abilities are in it
Nature
Our environment upbringing and life experiences determine our behavior, we are ___to behave in certain ways
Nurture
Studies show that we inherit some genes that are related to certain personality traits
Nature debate
Often identical twins grow up to have very different personalities and preferences
Nurture debate
Focus on genetic hormonal and neurological explanations of behavior
Approaches to psychology- Nature⬅️
Biological approach
Innate drives of sex and aggression (___). Social upbringing during childhood(___).
Approaches to psychology- Nature⬅️
Psychoanalysis
Innate mental structures such as schemes, perception and memory and constantly changes by the environment
Approaches to psychology-nature and nurture↔️
Cognitive psychology
Maslow emoji basic physical needs. Society influences a person’s self concept
Approaches to psychology- Nurture➡️
Humanism
All behavior is learned from the environment through conditioning
Approaches to psychology- nurture➡️
Behaviorism
• natural selection of adaptive traits
• genetic predispositions responding to environment
• brain mechanisms
• hormonal influences
Biological influences
↪️behavior or mental process
•Learned fears and other learned expectations
• emotional responses
• cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations
Psychological influences
↪️behavioral or mental process
• presence of others
• cultural, societal, and family expectations
• peer and other group influences
• compelling models( such as media)
Social-cultural influences
↪️ behavior or mental process
What are the main points of APA ethics code for research
Information concept, deception, protection form harm, freedom from coercion, privacy, debriefing, humane treatment of animals
Manipulation of independent variable under controlled conditions and measurement of its effects on a dependent variable
Research Method: experiment
Strength- can establish cause and effect relationships between IV and DV
Weakness- ability to generalize to real world behavior can be limited
Measurement of DV when random assignment to groups is not possible
Research method: quasi- experiment
Strength- can provide strong evidence suggesting cause and effect relationships
Weakness- lack of assignment can weaken conclusions
Carful observations of humans or other animals in real life situations
Research method: naturalistic observation
Strength- provides descriptive data about behavior with wide applicability
Weakness- loss of experimental control
Obtain large samples of abilities, beliefs, or behaviors at a specific time and place
Research method: survey and tests
Strength- ease of administration, scoring, and statistical analysis
Weakness- distorted results because of sampling error, poorly phrased questions, and response biases
Intensive investigation of the behavior and mental processes associated with a specific person or situation
Research method: case studies
Strength- provides detailed descriptions data and analysis of new, complex, or Rare phenomena
Weakness- may not be representative of phenomena
A group of participants are observed at intervals over an extended period of time
Longitudinal Method
Advantage- enables researchers to see how individuals change over time
Disadvantage- time consuming and expensive, participants may not be available for the duration of the study
Researchers compare differences and similarities among people in different age groups at a given time
Cross sectional method
Advantage- less time consuming than the longitudinal method for studying changes over time
Disadvantage- difference between the members of the sample cannot necessarily be attributed to age or development
Research based on the naturally occurring relationship between two or more variables
Used to make predictions such as the relation between SAT scores and success at college
Cannot be used to determine cause and effect
Asks: do the two variables vary together?
Research methods in psychology- correlational research
Experiments, causes and effects are what?
And what are they?
Cause: is manipulated and is an independent variable
Effect: is measured and is a dependent variable
What are some examples of independent variables in experimental research
Type of treatment: different drugs or psychological treatments
Treatment factors: brief bs long term treatment, inpatient bs outpatient treatment
Experimental manipulations: type of beverage consumed ( alcohol vs no alcohol)
What are some examples of dependent variables
Behavioral variables: adjustment, activity levels, eating, smoking
Physiological variables: physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, and brain activity
Self report variables, measures anxiety, mood, or marital, life satisfaction
