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Unit 2: Biological Bases Of Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

What is heritability?

A

The degree of variance among individuals that can be attributed to genetic variation. Many physical and psychological characteristics are inherited. However genes do not determine everything about us

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2
Q

What is environmentalist?

A

The degree to which a trait’s expression is caused by the environment in which an organism lives

Nature and nurture is no longer separate, they work together, our psychological makeup is largely the result of the interaction of the two forces

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3
Q

Pituitary gland: hormone

A

Growth
Prolactin
Oxytocin storage
Various hormones that stimulate other glands

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4
Q

What is the pituitary gland

A

Master gland forebrain structure elbow the hypothalamus

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5
Q

Pituitary gland: function

A

Regulates growth, breast milk production, childbirth, bonding, and communicates to other glands to release hormones

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6
Q

Pituitary gland: dysregulation

A

Extremes in height

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7
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

Forebrain structure

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8
Q

Pineal gland: hormones

A

Melatonin

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9
Q

Pineal gland: function

A

Regulates seasonal and sleep cycles, melatonin concentrations fluctuate daily with higher levels at night causing drowsiness

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10
Q

Pineal gland: dysregulation

A

Seasonal affective disorder (sad)

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11
Q

Thyroid and parathyroid gland: hormones

A

Thyroxin
Calcitonin
Parathyrin

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12
Q

What is Thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Throat

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13
Q

Thyroid and parathyroid glands: functions

A

Thyroid controls metabolism or that rate at which glucose is converted to energy. Together the parathyroid gland regulate calcium levels in the blood

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14
Q

Thyroid and parathyroid glands: dysregulation

A

Hypothyroidism (under active gland)

Hyperthyroidism ( overactive gland)

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15
Q

What is adrenal glands?

A

Above kidney

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16
Q

Adrenal glands: Hormones

A

Cortisol
Epinephrine( adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

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17
Q

Adrenal gland: function

A

Controlled the sympathetic nervous systems flight or fight reaction which increases heart rate blood pressure and glucose levels to respond to a threat

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18
Q

Adrenal gland: dysregulation

A

Excessive sympathetic nervous system activity can compromise the immune system

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19
Q

What is pancreas?

A

Close t the stomach

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20
Q

Pancreas: hormones

A

Insulin
Glucagon

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21
Q

Pancreas: function

A

Regulates sugar metabolism

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22
Q

Pancreas: dysregulation

A

Diabetes
Low blood sugar

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23
Q

What are gonads?

A

Testes
Ovaries

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24
Q

Gonads: hormones

A

Androgens, including testosterone estrogen and progesterone

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25
Gonads: function
Allow for sexual reproduction
26
Gonads: dysregulation
Reproductive difficulties Higher level of testosterone are correlated with increased aggression
27
What is the central nervous system?
The bodies master control unit
28
What is peripheral nervous system
The body’s link to the outside world
29
What is the spinal cord?
A column of nerves between the brain and peripheral nervous system
30
What is the three major parts the bran divides into?
Lower part or hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain
31
What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?
Regulates involuntary bodily processes, including heart rate, respiration, digestion and pupil contraction; operates automatically without conscious discretion
32
What does the somatic nervous system do?
Carries sensory information from sensory organs to the central nervous system and relays motor commands to muscles; controls voluntary movements
33
What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
Mobilizes bodily resources in responding to threat by speeding up heart rate and respiration and drawing store energy from bodily reserves
34
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
Replenishes bodily resources by promoting digestion and slowing down other bodily processes
35
Dopamine: function
Pleasure reward voluntary movement learning and attention Certain dopamine pathways are involved in drug addiction
36
Dopamine: lack
Parkinson’s disease
37
Dopamine excess
Schizophrenia
38
Acetylcholine (AcH): function
Memory and motivation
39
Acetylcholine: lack
Alzheimer’s disease Paralysis
40
Acetylcholine: excess
Muscle convulsion
41
Serotonin: function
Mood, appetite, and sleep
42
Serotonin: lack
Depression Feeding and eating disorders Sleep wake disorders Aggression.
43
Norepinephrine: function
Mod and sleep
44
Norepinephrine: lack
Depression
45
Norepinephrine: excess
Anxiety
46
Glutamate: function
Memory and learning major excitatory neurotransmitter
47
Glutamate:excess
Migraines Seizures
48
GABA: function
Relaxation and sleep Major inhibitory neurotransmitter
49
GABA: lack
Anxiety disorder Seizures Insomnia
50
Endorphins: function
Inhibits pain signals
51
Endorphins: lack
Lower pain thresholds Use of heroin and other opiates leads to decreased production of endorphins
52
Endorphins: excess
Higher level threshold Runners high
53
What does reuptake mean
Neurotransmitters are Reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron
54
What are agonists drugs and how do they work?
Drugs that work by either blocking reuptake or mimicking the natural neurotransmitters by fitting into receptor sights on the postsynaptic neuron
55
What is Xanax and how does it work?
Xanax is an anti anxiety medication- the drug molecules fit into receptor sights for the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and excite the cell
56
How does SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake or serotonin)function?
Function as agonists by delaying the reuptake of serotonin, allowing the neurotransmitters more opportunity to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron
57
What are antagonists
Drugs that work by occupying receptor sights on the postsynaptic neuron and block the impact of neurotransmitters
58
What kind of people need to use antipsychotic medication and why?
Individuals with schizophrenia have too much dopamine, and antipsychotic medications act as dopamine antagonists to block the receptor sights and prevent cell excitement
59
What is the hind brain and what does it control?
It’s a “primitive” part of the brain, and it coordinates basic bodily functions
60
Where is the brainstem located and what is it in charge of?
It’s at the base of the brain at the top of the spinal cord Automatic survival functions Send and receive information (hindbrain)
61
Where is the cerebellum lockstep and what is it in charge of?
Behind the brain steam underneath the brain Balance and coordination Fine motor movements Procedural memory (hindbrain)
62
Where is pons located and what is it in charge of?
Above the medulla on the brainstem and below the thalamus Sleep and arousal Dreams Facial expressions (hindbrain)
63
Where is medulla located and what is it’s function?
Below the pond on the brain stem Survival functions (heartbeat, breathing,and digestion) Reflexes (sneezing vomiting coughing and swallowing) (hindbrain)
64
What is the midbrain in charge of?
Very small in humans coordinates simple movement with sensory information
65
What is the reticular formation and what is it in change or?
Network of nerves running vertically through the brainstem and extending to the thalamus Arousal to stimuli Sleep Attentiveness Filters incoming stimuli and relays important information to the thalamus ( midbrain)
66
Where is the basal ganglia and what is. In charge of?
Midbrain and forebrain Smooth voluntary body movements
67
What is the forebrain and what is it charge of?
Sophisticated part of the humane brain allows for complex thought and behavior unique to humans
68
Where is the thalamus located and what is it In charge of?
Two connected egg shaped structures lactated at the top of the brainstem Filters and relays sensory information Except for smell to the appropriate parts of the cerebral cortex
69
Where is Limbic system location and what is it in charge of?
Group of structures between the brainstem and the cerebral cortex Learning Memory Emotion Basic drives
70
Where is the hippocampus located and what is it in charge of?
Limbic system structure surrounding the thalamus Explicit memory formation Learning
71
Where is amygdala located and what is it in charge of?
At the end o each arm of the hippocampus Emotions ( especially fear and aggression)
72
Where is the hypothalamus located and what is it in charge of?
Below the thalamus Maintenance functions( eating drinking body temperature and sex) Controls the automatic nervous system Controls the endocrine system by influencing the pituitary gland
73
Where is nucleus accumbens and what do they control?
Region of the forebrain near the Limbic system Pleasure or reward circuit Associated with drug dependency
74
Where is suprachiasmatic nucleus ( SCN) and what is it responsible for?
Small region within the hypothalamus Regulation of circadian rhythm Regulation of sleep cycle
75
Where is corpus coliseum and what is it reasonable for?
Bundle of Nero a connecting the two cerebral hemispheres Relay’s information between the two hemispheres
76
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
Higher level thinking reasoning planning judgment impulse control
77
Where is prefrontal cortex located and what is its function?
Located in front of the motor strip in the frontal lobes Controls conscious thoughts and actions Working memory Short term and long term planning
78
Where is Broca’s area located and what is its function?
Front of the left frontal lobe Controls the facial muscles movements required for speech production
79
Where is primary motor cortex located and what is its function?
Rear of the frontal lobes, parallel to the sensory cortex like a headband Controls voluntary movement Left motor cortex controls movement on the right side of the body Right motor cortex controls movement on the right side of the body
80
What is the parietal lobes and what is its function?
Receives sensory information about the somatic senses of touch pain and temperature spatial abilities
81
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located and what is its function?
Front of the parietal lobes, parallel to the motor cortex like a headband Sensory input is received for touch and the body position Left sensory cortex controls sensation for the right side of the body Right sensory cortex controls sensation for the left side of the body
82
What is occipital lobes function?
Visual processing
83
Where is primary visual cortex located And what is its function?
Bottom of the occipital lobes Information from the left visual field goes to the right side of each eye and is interpreted by the right visual cortex Right side=Opposite
84
What is the function of the temporal lobes?
Auditory processing(hearing) smell and recognition of faces
85
Where is primary auditory cortex located and what is its function?
Upper ate of the temporal lobes Processes most auditory information from the opposite ear
86
Where is the wernickes’s area located and what is its function?
Top of the left temporal lobe Responsible for language comprehension Creates meaningful statements

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