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Science 9 > Unit 1: Space Exploration > Flashcards

Unit 1: Space Exploration Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between Solstices and Equinoxes

A

Solstices:

  • 16 or 8 hours of night and day respectively
  • June 21 and December 21.
  • Summer and winter

Equinoxes:

  • March 12 and September 22
  • Equal amounts of day and night
  • Spring and fall
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2
Q

Explain the two Models of Planetary Motion

A

Geocentric:

  • 2000 years ago, Aristotle
  • Earth at the centre with planets and stars rotating around

Heliocentric:

  • 1530, Nicolas Copernicus, circular motion
  • Sun at the centre
  • Kepler, orbits are actually ellipses
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3
Q

Explain the two units used to measure distance in space

A 
Astronomical Units (AU):
- distance from centre of the earth to centre of the sun

Light Years:

  • 9.5 trillion km
  • Distance light travels in a year
  • light travels 300 000 km/s
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4
Q

What are the Early Astronomers Tools

A

Quadrant - Star’s height above the horizon
Astrolabe - Accurate star charts
Cross-staff - Accurate star charts
Telescope - invented in the 16th century

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5
Q

What is the composition of a Star

A

75% hydrogen
23% helium
2% oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, silica dust

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6
Q

How is a Star Born

A
  1. Gravity form gas and grains of dust into small rotating cloud
  2. Core become hot, becomes a protostar that begins to glow
  3. Fusion begins with hydrogen turning to helium when core reaches 10 mill C
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7
Q

How does a Star Die

A
  1. Hydrogen is used up, star shrinks
  2. Gravity contract the star, nuclear reactions begin and cause outer layers to expand, becomes Red (Super)Giant
  3. Fusion reaction stops
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8
Q

Death of Sun-like stars or Red Giants

A
  • core temperature lowers and fusion stops
  • gravity collapses the star
  • star shrinks
  • white dwarf, begins to fade to black dwarf
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9
Q

Death of Massive Stars or Red Supergiants

A
  • Reaction stops when out of fuel
  • gravity collapses the star
  • collapse ends with shockwave
  • outer layers explode, supernova
  • core becomes neutron star or black hole
    Black Hole - Dense star ruminant, strong gravity
    Neutron star - Rapidly spinning, 30 km diameter
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10
Q

Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram (H-R)

A
  • created in 1910
  • dots correspond to stars luminosity and temperature
  • y-axis is luminosity
  • x-axis is stars surface temp (reversed, hotter is on the left)
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11
Q

Constellations

A
  • groupings of stars in patterns
  • 88 recognized
  • unofficial patterns are asterisms
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12
Q

Galaxies

A
  • Group of millions or billions of stars (gas and dust)
  • Held together by gravity

Types - Spiral, Elliptical, Irregular

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13
Q

Protoplanet Hypothesis

A

Formation of our solar system

  • Gas and dust begins swirling
  • Most material forms sun
  • The rest forms planets
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14
Q

Our Sun

A
  • 100x wider than earth
  • Surface temp 5 500 C
  • Core temp 15mil C
  • Solar wind, charged particles, pass earth at 400 km/s
  • Earth protected by magnetic field
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15
Q

Name and Compare the two types of Planets

A

Inner or terrestrial

  • small, rocky
  • closer to the sun

Outer or jovian

  • larger, gaseous
  • farther from the sun
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16
Q

Other bodies in our solar system

A

Asteroids - Rocky, metallic, found between mars and Jupiter

Comets- made of dust and ice, long tails, glow when near the sun. Mostly orbit outer solar system

Meteoroids - rock pieces flying through space, any size, no particular path

Meteor - Enter earth’s atmosphere, glows

Meteorites - Hits earth’s surface

17
Q

Describe and compare Altitude and Azimith

A

Altitude - how high in the sky, from 0-90 degrees

Azimuth - compass directions, north is 0 degrees

18
Q

Describe the 3 basic parts of a rocket

A

Machinery - engine, storage tanks, fins

Fuel - Liquid O2/H2, gasoline

Payload - Crew cabins, food, water, air, people

19
Q

Describe 2 futuristic engines

A

Ion Drives:

  • xenon gas
  • 10 000x weaker than chemical fuel
  • only requires 1/10 of the fuel chemical would use

Solar sails:

  • Sun’s light, electromagnetic energy in photons
  • Photons moves the spacecraft
20
Q

The 3 Space Science S’s

A

Shuttles - transport people + equipment to spacecraft

Space Probes - contain instrumentation for carrying out robotic exploration of space

Space stations - orbiting spacecraft with living quarters and support systems

21
Q

Communication Satellites

A
  • eliminated use of cable for telephones

- digital systems with clearer transmissions and more users

22
Q

Remote sensing satellites

A
  • Imaging devices make observations of Earth’s surface, sent back to Earth.
  • Gives information on condition of environment, natural resources, effects of urbanization.
22
Q

Research and Observation Satellites

A
  • take photos or monitor weather patterns
  • LANDSAT and RADARSAT, canadaian satellites, follow ships , monitor soil quality, track forest fires, search for natural resources. Not geosynchronous
23
Q

GPS

A
  • At least three GPS satellites in range for system to work.

- 24 GPS satellites, three above the horizon

24
Q

Refracting telescopes

A
  • lenses instead of mirrors
  • new innovation, segmented mirrors put together

Spin casting - molten glass spins and creates quick and even reflecting mirrors

Hubble - 600 km from earth’s atmosphere, series of mirrors focus light from distant objects

25
Q

Interferometry

A

Combines images for multiple telescopes to improve resolution

26
Q

Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum

A

Different forms of radiated energy that travel at the speed of light. May have a different wavelength and frequencies than light.

Radio - lowest frequency, highest wavelength, low energy
Microwave
Infrared
Visible light
Ultraviolet
X-Ray
Gamma Ray - Highest frequency, lowest wavelength, high energy

27
Q

Wavelength + Frequency

A

Wavelength - one point on a wave to the same point of the next

Frequency - number of waves in a second

28
Q

Radio telescopes

A
  • Used in day and night
  • Not affected by clouds, pollution, atmosphere
  • Can pick up on neutral hydrogen
29
Q

Triangulation (On a star)

A
  • Measuring distance indirectly
  • Diameter of earth’s orbit as baseline (Jan and Jun)
  • Distant fixed stars as reference point
30
Q

Parallax

A
  • Apparent shift in position of nearby object when viewed in different places
  • Used to determine angles when triangulating
31
Q

Spectra

A

Star’s Composition:

  • “black lines” in spectra show composition
  • using spectrometer

Star’s Movement:

  • Changes in waves can show what direction star moves
  • Redshift when moving away from earth
  • Blueshift when moving closer to earth
32
Q

Doppler Effect

A
  • Apparent change in frequency of sound, light and other waves as the object moves towards and away from the observer
33
Q

Risks and Dangers of Space Exploration

A

Getting to Space:

  • humans close to highly explosive fuel
  • Poor weather or malfunctioning equipment

Once Craft is in Space:

  • Floating Debris
  • Meteoroids
  • Radiation, Solar and Cosmic

Returning to Earth:
- Needs the perfect angle, too shallow bounces off, too steep burns up

34
Q

Space Junk

A

Pieces of debris that have fallen off of rockets, satellites, shuttle, stations

Debris move at 20 000 km/h. Even small pieces cause a lot a damage

Some pieces can come back to earth.

35
Q

Canadian Contributions

A
  • 1839, Edward Sabine creates first magnetic observatory at UoT
  • 1962, 3rd nation to launch not military satellite
  • 1969, Canadian landing gear for Apollo 11
  • 1972, Anik 1, telecommunications coverage
  • 1981, Canadarm at ISS
  • 1984, Marc Garneau, first Canadian in space
  • 1992, Roberta Bondar, first female Canadian
  • 1997, Canadian ramp on Mars Path finder
  • 2001, Chris Hadfield, first Canadian to walk in space
36
Q

Space as a resource

A
  • more material for earth
  • reduces space travel costs
  • Moon gives hydrogen and Oxygen
  • Astroids give metals, iron, gold, platinum

Science 9 (5 decks)

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