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Unit 1 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Abdominal region

A

Bottom of ribs to pelvic

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2
Q

Cephalic region

A

Head

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3
Q

Cervical region

A

Neck, neck of uterus

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4
Q

Pelvic region

A

Below pelvis to toes

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5
Q

Thoracic region

A

Ribs

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6
Q

Acromial

A

Bone bump in shoulder

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7
Q

Antebrachial

A

Elbow to wrist

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8
Q

Antecubital

A

Hollow inner elbow

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9
Q

Axillary

A

Arm pit

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10
Q

Brachial

A

Shoulder to elbow

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11
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

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12
Q

Deltoid

A

Shoulder muscle

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13
Q

Hallux

A

Big toe

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14
Q

Manus

A

Hand

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15
Q

Palmer

A

Palm

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16
Q

Phalangeal

A

Fingers and toes

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17
Q

Coxal

A

Side of hips

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18
Q

Crural

A

Shin

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19
Q

Femoral

A

Upper leg to knee

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20
Q

Inguinal

A

Crease in front pelvic area

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21
Q

Patellar

A

Knee

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22
Q

Perineal

A

Inside of leg

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23
Q

Peroneal

A

Lower leg

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24
Q

Pollex

A

Thumb

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25
Pubic
Inside V
26
Tarsal
Ankle
27
Mammary
Breast
28
Sternal
Midline in chest
29
Umbilical
Belly button
30
Buccal
Cheek
31
Facial
Face
32
Frontal
Forehead
33
Mental
Chin
34
Nasal
Nose
35
Oral
Mouth
36
Orbital
Eye
37
Otic
Ear
38
Calcaneal
Heel
39
Gluteal
Butt
40
Gluteal cleft
Crease, butt crack
41
Gluteal fold
Crease at bottom of butt
42
Plantar
Sole of foot
43
Popliteal
Hollow space back of knee
44
Sacral
Top of gluteal cleft
45
Sural
Calf
46
Dorsum
Back of hand, top
47
Olecranal
Back of elbow
48
Lumbar
12th rib to bum
49
Vertebral
Vertebrae
50
Occipital
Back of head
51
Scientific method
Produces reliable, objective, testable info about nature
52
Inductive method
Process where experimental observations are viewed until one is confident enough to make generalizations and predictions from that data **Anatomy is based on this reasoning
53
Deductive reasoning
Reasoning that constructs or evaluates deductive argument
54
Falsifiability
A logical possibility that something can be shown to be false by an observation or physical experiment ** Note that just because something can be falsifiable doesn't make it "false"
55
Sample size
Must be big enough to prevent chance event
56
Control group and treatment group
Identical treatment except for the variable being tested
57
Psychosomatic effects
Can be prevented by the use of a placebo on the control group
58
Experimenter bias
Can be prevented by using a double blind study
59
Double blind study
When neither the experimenter nor those being experiemtned on know who is the control
60
Statistical testing
Refers to the difference between the control group and test subjects was not random variation
61
Peer review
Critical and done by others in the field
62
Scientific fact
When information is independently observed and verified
63
Law of nature
The description of the way matter and energy behave
64
Theory
The summary of conclusion s drawn from observable facts
65
Frontal plane
Front to back
66
Traverse plane
Superior to inferior | Top to bottom
67
Midsagittal plane
Equally cut L->R
68
Oblique plane
Angle
69
Parasagittal plane
Cut not in middle
70
Dorsal
Back of body
71
Dorsal body cavities (2)
Cranial | Spinal or vertebral
72
Cranial cavity
Head w/out brain
73
Spinal or vertebral cavity
Hole where vert. is
74
Ventral
Front of body
75
Ventral body cavities (5)
``` Abdominal Pelvic Pericardial Pleural Thoracic ```
76
Abdominal cavity
Guts, stomach, intestine
77
Pelvic cavity
Reproductive organs
78
Pericardial cavity
Around heart
79
Pleural cavity
Lungs
80
Thoracic cavity
L->R Lungs, heart
81
Superior to inferior direction | Cephalic to caudal
Top to bottom
82
Anterior to posterior direction | Ventral to dorsal
Front to back
83
Medial to lateral direction
Midline to not midline
84
Intermediate direction
Between
85
Proximal to distal direction
Extensions only | Close to body to far away from body
86
Epigastric region
Above stomach
87
Hypochondriac region
Outside epi L and R
88
Hypogastric region
Below stomach
89
Inguinal region
Outside hypogas L and R
90
Umbilical region
Middle, belly button
91
Lumbar region
Outside umbilical L and R
92
Parietal peritoneum
Lines the wall of digestive area
93
Visceral peritoneum
Covers each organ in the cavity
94
Peritoneal cavity
The potential space between these membranes
95
Visceral pericardium
Thin membrane that covers the heart surface
96
Parietal pericardium
The membrane that surrounds the heart cavity
97
Pericardial cavity
The potential space between the membranes in the heart
98
Visceral pleura
The membrane that surrounds the lungs
99
Parietal pleura
The membrane that covers both lungs
100
Pleural cavity
The space between the two membranes in the lungs
101
Plasma membrane functions (4)
Acts as a barrier separating inside from outside Controls the flow of substance into and out Helps identify the cell to other cells Participates in intercellular signaling
102
Simple diffusion
Movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration
103
Facilitated diffusion
Molecules move across membrane through channels or by carrier molecules from higher to lower concentration
104
Osmosis
Molecules move from regions of higher concentration toward regions of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane
105
Active transport
Carrier molecules transport molecules or ions through men ranges from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher.
106
Endocrine system Major organs(7)
``` Thyroid Adrenal glands Ovaries Testies Pancreas Pineal gland Pituitary gland ```
107
Endocrine system Function
Control metabolic activities of body structures Glands that secrete hormones
108
Cardiovascular system Major organs(3)
Heart Artery Vein
109
Cardiovascular system Functions
Move blood through blood vessels and transport substances throughout the body Blood transport
110
Lymphatic system Major organs(3)
Spleen Thymus Lymph nodes
111
Lymphatic system Functions
Return tissue fluid to the blood, carry certain absorbed food molecules and defend the body against infection Guard us from infection
112
Respiratory system Major organs(5)
``` Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs ```
113
Respiratory system Functions
Intake and output of air, exchange of gases between air and blood Breathing machine
114
Digestive system Major organs(10)
``` Oral cavity Esophagus Small intestine Large intestine Liver Pancreas Stomach Rectum Anus Appendix ```
115
Digestive system Functions
Receive, break down and absorb food, eliminate unabsorbed material Process food
116
Urinary system Major organs(4)
Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra
117
Urinary system Functions
Removes waste from blood, maintain water and electrolyte balance, store and transport urine Process waste
118
Reproductive system Major organs(8)
``` Testes Scrotum Penis Ovaries Uterus Vagina Clitoris Labia ```
119
Reproductive system Functions
Men-- produce and maintain sperm cells, transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract Female--produce and maintain egg cells, receive sperm cells, support development of am embryo and function in birth process Produce offspring
120
Retroperitoneal
Organ that is not in the peritoneal cavity (behind) Ex. Kidney and pancreas
121
Mediastinum
Whole area of the thoracic cavity
122
Structural organization of matter(5)
``` Chemical level--atoms, molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organs systems ```
123
Basic life process (7)
``` High level of organization Composed of cells Metabolism Responsiveness/ movement Homeostasis Differentiation/ growth Reproduction ```
124
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is produced by the interaction of organ system and regulatory processes
125
What two organ systems control homeostasis?
Nervous and endocrine
126
Components of negative feedback system Most of body functions High to low
``` Some stimulus disrupts homeostasis by Increasing Blood pressure Baroreceptors in certain blood vessels Input nerve impulses To the brain Which sends nerve impulses to the heart Which causes a decrease in heart which decreases blood pressure ``` Homeostasis is completed when the blood pressure goes back to normal
127
Components of positive feedback system Baby Low to high
Contraction of wall of uterus force the baby's head or body into the cervix Increasing By stretching the cervix The stretch sensitive nerve cells in cervix Input nerve impulses to the brain Muscles in the wall of the uterus contract more forcefully Which releases oxytocin The baby's body stretches cervix more Increased stretching = oxytocin = stretching of cervix
128
Ionic bonds
Opposites attract
129
Covalent bonds
Swinger
130
Non-polar covalent bonds
Shared equally
131
Polar covalent bonds
Not shared equally
132
Hydrogen bonds
Bonded in an already bonded polar molecule No electrons moving
133
Squamous
Flat
134
Functions of plasma membrane
1. Barrier 2. Controls flow of substances 3. Identify the cell to other cells 4. Intercellular signaling
135
Polygonal
5sided (fish eggs) Stem cell Start of mitosis
136
Steelate
Stars with stings off end
137
Columnar
Column
138
Spheroid
Bubbles White blood cells
139
Discoid
Round with dipped middle Red blood cell
140
Simple diffusion
Higher concentration to lower concentration
141
Facilitated diffusion
Molecules move across membrane through channels or by carrier molecules from higher to lower.
142
Osmosis
Water molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane
143
Active transport
Carrier molecules transport molecules or ions through membranes from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration
144
Endocytosis pinocytosis
Membrane engulfs droplets of liquid from surroundings
145
Endocytosis phagocytosis
Membrane engulfs solid particles from surroundings
146
Exocytosis
Vesicles fuse with membrane and release contents outside of cell
147
Cell (plasma) membrane Structure Function
Made of protein and phospholipid Provides form structure and control passage of stuff in and out
148
Cytoplasm Structure Function
Fluid to jellylike substance Suspends organelles; chemical reactions happen here
149
Endoplasmic reticulum Structure Function
Interconnecting hollow membranous channels Facilitates cell transport of proteins Smooth ER produces lipids Rough ER produces proteins Hallways surrounding nuclear envelope
150
Ribosomes Structure Function
RNA synthesize proteins On rough ER
151
Mitochondria Structure Function
Double-layered sacs Production of ATP in aerobic respiration Kidney beans
152
Golgi complex Structure Function
Stacked flattened sacs Modifies, sorts, packages, and transports proteins from rough ER, forms secretory membrane and transport vesicles Hallway outside of ER
153
Lysosomes Structure Function
Membrane-surrounded sacs of enzymes Digest foreign molecules and worn cells Small balls
154
Centrosome Structure Function
Mass of two rodlike centrioles Organizes spindle fibers and assists mitosis
155
Vesicles Structure Function
Membranous sacs Store and excrete substances within the cytoplasm Little ball on border of cell
156
Cytoskeleton Structure Function
Protein strands Support cytoplasm and transport materials Strains that shoot outside the cell
157
Cilia and flagella Structure Function
Cytoplasmic extensions from cell; contains microtubules Movement of particles along cell surface or move cell
158
Nucleus Structure Function
Nuclear membrane, Nucleolus and chromatin Directs cell activity; forms ribosomes
159
G1 of interphase
Cell growth
160
S of interphase
DNA replication
161
Propahse (4)
Chromosomes condense Spindle fibers form Nuclear membrane goes away Nucleolus goes away
162
Metaphase
Chromosomes meet at the metaphase plate
163
Anaphase
Chromosomes split
164
Telophase (3)
Nuclei come back Chromosomes relax Spindles go away
165
Types of body tissue (4)
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
166
Embryonic tissues (3)
Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm
167
Endoderm
Forms epithelial tissue lining internal organs such as GI tract
168
Mesoderm
Connective tissue associated with dermis of skin, cartilage and bone
169
Ectoderm
Forms nervous tissue and epidermis of skin
170
Epithelial tissue features (6)
``` Closely packed Cells sit on basement Avascula: without blood cells Good nerve supply Rapid cell division Derived from all three germs ```
171
Epithelial tissue functions (10)
``` Protection Filtration Lubrication Secretion Digestion Absorption Transportation Excretion Sensory reception Reproduction ```
172
Epithelial tissue basement membrane (2)
Basal lamina | Reticular lamina
173
Epithelial tissue arrangement (3)
Simple (one layer) Stratified (multilayer) Pseudostratified (appears to have more than one layer)
174
Epithelial tissue cell shape (4)
Flat or squamous Cube or cubiodial Cylindrical or columnar Changing shape or transitional
175
Simple squamous epithelium Shape Functions (2) Special (2) Location (5)
Single layer of flat, scale like cells Adapted for diffusion/ filtration Endo-lines heart and blood vessels Mess-lines thoracic and abdopelvic cavities Lungs, kidney, heart, blood vessels, serous membranes
176
Simple cuboidial epithelium Shape Function (2) Location (2)
Single layer of cube shaped cells Adapted for secretion and absorption Kidney, thyroid gland
177
Simple columnar epithelium Shape Function (2) Special (2) Location (3)
Single layer of rectangular cells Increase surface area, increase rate of absorption Goblet cells secrete mucus Nonciliated contain micro ills Lining of stomach, small and large intestine
178
Pseudostratified epithelium Shape Special Location
Appears to have several layers b/c nuclei are at various levels Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells reach the surface and secrete mucus or bear cilia that sweep away mucus and trap foreign particles Lining of respiratory system
179
Nonkeritinized stratified squamous Shape Special Location
Several layers,top of cells are flat, deeper layers vary cuboidal to columnar Basal cells Esophagus
180
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Shape Function Location
Tough layer of keratin Protein resistant to friction sync repels bacteria Palms of hands, sole of feet
181
Transitional epithelium Shape Function Location
Multilayered, surface cells vary in shape, round to flat if stretched Lines hollow grams that expand from within Urinary bladder
182
Connective tissue cells (5)
``` Fibroblasts Macrophages Plasma cells Mast cells Adiocytes ```
183
Fibroblasts Wandering or fixed
Secrete both fibers and ground substance of the matrix | Wandering
184
Macrophages Wandering or fixed
Phagocytes that develop from monocytes Both
185
Plasma cells Wandering or fixed
Antibody secreting cells that develop from B lymphocytes Wandering
186
Mast cells Wandering or fixed
Produce histamine that help dilate small blood vessels in reaction to injury Wandering
187
Adipocytes Wandering or fixed
Fat cells that store triglycerides, support, protect and insulate Fixed
188
Types of ground substance (2)
Hyaluronic acid | Chondroitin sulfate
189
Hyaluronic acid
Complex combination of polysaccharides and proteins found in "true" or proper connective tissue
190
Chondroitin sulfate
Jelly like ground substance of cartilage, bone, skin or blood vessels
191
Other ground substances
Dermatin sulfate Keratin sulfate Adhesion proteins
192
Types of matrix fibers(3)
Collagen fibers Elastic fibers Reticular fibers
193
Collagen fibers
Large fibers made of the protein collagen Typically the most abundant fibers Promote tissue flexibility
194
Elastic fibers
Intermediate fibers made of the protein elastin | Branching fibers that allow for stretch and recoil
195
Reticular fibers
Small, delicate, branched fibers that have some chemical composition of collagen Forms structural framework for organs such as spleen and lymph nodes
196
.....blast
Immature cell
197
....cyte
Mature cell
198
Types of true connective tissue (1)
Loose | Dense
199
Types of supportive connective tissue (2)
Cartilage | Bone
200
Liquid connective tissue
Blood
201
Types of loose connective tissue (3)
Areolar Adipose Reticular
202
Areolar tissue
Underlying all epithelial
203
Adipose
Fat cells
204
Reticular
Soft tissue
205
Types of dense connective tissue(2)
Dense regular | Dense irregular
206
Dense regular connective tissue
Tendons and ligaments
207
Dense irregular connective tissue
Dermis of skin | Submucosa of digestive tract
208
Types of cartilage (3)
Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic
209
Hyaline cartilage
Smooth surface in joint
210
Fibrocartilage
Cushion Vertebrae
211
Elastic cartilage
Ear
212
Types of connective tissue (6)
``` Areolar Adipose Dense regular Dense irregular Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage ```
213
Areolar connective tissue Function (3) Structure Location
Strength, support, elasticity Consists of all three types of fibers, several types of cells and semi fluid ground substance Found in subcutaneous layer and mucus membranes and around blood vessels, nerves and organs
214
Adipose connective tissue Function (4) Structure Location (3)
Supports, protects, insulates and serves as energy Consists of adipocytes "signet ring" appearing in far cells. They store energy in the form of triglycerides (lipid) Found in subcutaneous layer, around organs and in the yellow marrow of long bones
215
Dense regular CT contains more numerous and thicker fibers and far fewer cells than loose Function Structure Location(3)
Provide strong attachment between various structures Consists of bundles of collagen fibers and fibroblasts Forms tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses
216
Dense irregular connective tissue Function Structure Location (4)
Provide strength Consists of randomly arranged collagen fiber and a few fibroblasts Found in fascist, dermis of skin, joint capsules, heart valves
217
Hyaline cartilage Most abundant type Function (3) Structure Location (4)
Flexible, provides support, allows, movement at joint Fine collagen fibers embedded in a gel-type matrix Found in embryonic skeleton, at the end of long bones, in the nose, in respiratory system
218
Fibrocartilage Function (3) Structure Location (3)
Support and fusion, absorbs shock Contains bundles of collagen in the matrix that are usually more visible under microscopy Found in pelvic symphysis, intervertebral disc and meniscus of knee
219
Exocrine gland (3)
Cells that secrete...sweat, ear wax, saliva, dishes rice enzymes into free surface of epithelial layer Connected to the surface by tubes (ducts) Unicellular glands or multicellular glands
220
Endocrine gland (2)
Secrete hormones into the bloodstream Hormones help maintain homeostasis
221
Merocrine gland (2)
Salivary glands Sudoriferous sweat glands of the skin
222
Apocrine glands(2)
Lactiferous tissue of the mammory glands Apocrine sweat glands
223
Holocene sweat glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands of skin
224
Types of cell junctions (5)
``` Tight junctions Adherens junctions Button desmosomes Hemidesmosomes Gap junctions ```
225
Tight junctions
Prevent the movement of fluids between cells
226
Adherens junction (belt desmosomes)
Help prevent cells from being separated at the apical surface
227
Button desmosomes
Attach cells to adjacent cells
228
Hemidesmosomes
Attach cells to extra cellular materials such as a basement membrane
229
Gap junction
Communication between cells
230
Mucous membrane
Mucosa Lines cavities that open to the exterior such as GI tract
231
Mucous membrane Types(2) Location
Epi layer acts as a barrier to disease organisms CT layer is called the lamina proprietary Found in the lining of the mouth, vagina and nasal passage
232
Serious membrane
Serosa Membrane lines a body cavity that does not open to the exterior and it covers the organs that lie within the cavity
233
Cutaneous membrane
Protects tissue from physical trauma, biological pathogens and chemical trauma, provides sensations
234
Integumentary system functions (3)
Guard the body's physical and biochemical integrity Maintain a constant body temp Provide sensory information about the surrounding environment
235
Epidermis
Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
236
Dermis (2)
Papillary region composed of areolar tissue Reticular region composed of dense irregular connective tissue
237
Hypodermis
Composed of areolar tissues with abundant adipocytes
238
Stratum basale
In epidermis Motorists layer, continuously replaces cells at a rate between 25 to 50 days
239
Stratum spinosum
In epi Cells are pushed upward and flattened out
240
Stratum granulosum
In epi Cells contain granules of keratin
241
Stratum lucidum (2)
In epi Only found in non-hairy or thick skin. Several layers of dead cells with distinct boundaries
242
Stratum corneum (2)
Composed of 25 or more layers of dead squamous cells still joined by desmosomes Eventually desmosomes break and cells flake off in a process called desquamation
243
Keratinocytes(2)
In epi Most common cells of epi Provides protection and waterproofing sealant
244
Melanocytes (2)
In epi Produces and transfer the protein melanin to keratinocytes Melanin is a brown/black pigment that absorbs UV light
245
Langerhans cells(3)
In epi Arise from red bone marrow and migrate to epi They participate in immune responses against bacteria and viruses Easily damaged by UV
246
Merkel cell(2)
In epi Found in the stratum basale They contact the flattened process of sensory neuron They respond to touch sensations
247
Dermal papilla
In dermis Fingerlike projections that greatly increase surface area
248
Meissner's Corpuscles (4)
In dermis, dermal papilla Specialized sensory neuron nerve endings Respond to touch Most numerous in thick skin of the palmer and plantar surface
249
Pacinian Corpuscle(3)
In dermis Encapsulated sensory nerve endings Located at hypedermis/dermis junction Respond to pressure
250
Apocrine glands (4)
Found in axillae, nipples, labia, glans penis Begin to function at puberty and are affected by hormones Produce odorous thick secretion Possible pheromone function
251
Sudoriferous (eccrine) gland (6)
Widespread Produce thin watery secretion Controlled by nervous system Thermoregulation Excretion of urea Antibacterial action
252
Sebaceous "oil" glands (6)
Secrete sebum Coats hair shaft and lubricates epi Secreted to hair follicles Not association with hair on labia, gland penis and lips Activity controlled by sex hormones Modified in external ear canal to produce cerulean or ear wax
253
Mammary glands (3)
Anatomically related to apocrine sweat glands Development controls by sex hormones and pituitary hormones Produce milk
254
Ceruminous gland(3)
Modified sweat glands found in the external auditory canal Produce cerulean or ear wax Helps trap foreign particles from reaching the eardrum
255
Inflammatory phase
Has clot unite wound edges
256
Migratory phase
Begins the regrow the of epithelial cells and the formation of scar tissue by the fibroblasts
257
Proliferative phase
Completion of tissue formation
258
Maturation phase
The scab fell off

A&P (5 decks)

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