Unit 2 Study Guide Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
Functions of skeletal system
A
Support Mineral homeostasis Assistance in movement Protection Blood cell production Triglyceride storage
2
Q
Proximal epiphysis
A
Top end of long bones
3
Q
Metaphysis
A
Growth plate
4
Q
Diaphysis
A
Hollow body of bone
5
Q
Distal epiphysis
A
Bottom end of all long bones
6
Q
Epiphyseal line
A
Growth plate
After puberty becomes line
7
Q
Spongy bone
A
Bone on the inside
8
Q
Compact bone
A
Surface bone
9
Q
Nutrient artery
A
Blood to bone
10
Q
Osteons
A
Contain blood vessels
In concentric rings of calcified matrix
11
Q
Osteocytes
A
Found in the spaces called lacunae
Communicate through canaliculi
Connect one cell to the next cell
12
Q
Interstitial lamella
A
Represent older osteons that have been removed during tissue remodeling.
13
Q
Intramembranous ossification
Location
A
Roofing bones of skull
Clavicle
Mandible
14
Q
Intramembranous ossification
A
Formation of bone directly from or within fibrous connective tissue membranes
15
Q
Step of intramembranous ossification
A
- Development of center of ossification
- Formation of trabeculae
- Osteocytes deposit mineral salts (calcification)
- Development of periosteum spongy bone and compact bone tissue
16
Q
Endochondral ossification
A
Formation of bone from hyaline cartilage
Developing bones are deposited as hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone tissue
17
Q
Steps of endochondral ossification
A
- Development of cartilage model
- Growth of cartilage model
- Development of primary ossification center
- Development of secondary ossification center in epiphysis
- Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
18
Q
Bone of growth at epiphyseal plate
Zones
A
Resting place
Proliferating cartilage
Hypertonic cartilage
Calcified cartilage
19
Q
Zone of resting cartilage
A
Anchors growth plate to bone
20
Q
Zone of Proliferating cartilage
A
Rapid division (stacked coins)
21
Q
Zone of hypertonic cartilage
A
Cells enlarged and remain in columns
22
Q
Zone of calcified cartilage
A
Thin zone, cells mostly dead since matrix is calcified
23
Q
Steps of appositional growth
A
- Periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts which secrete collagen fibers and organic molecules to form the matrix
- Ridges fuse and the periosteum becomes the endosteum
- New concentric lamellae are formed
- Osteoblasts under the periosteum form new circumferential lamellae
24
Q
Bone fracture repair
Simple steps
A
- Formation of a fractured hematoma
- Fibrocartilaginous callus formation.
- Bony callus formation
- Bone remodeling
25
Formation of a fractured hematoma
Fracture line w/ associated soft tissue swelling
Abundant hematoma w/ beginning fibroblastic penetration
26
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
At 2 wks visible callus
Bone resorption and osteoporosis
Migration of chondroblasts
Cartilage is beginning to cover
New osteous tissue is produced enchondrally
27
Bony callus formation
At 2 months bony callus w/ sharp margins bridges the fracture
Fracture line itself begins to disappear
28
Bone remodeling
At 5-6 months the marrow cavity is continuous
Compact bone of the disphysis has been reformed
29
Closed fracture
No open wound
30
Open fracture
through soft tissue
31
Compound fracture
Through the skin
32
Simple fracture
Uncomplicated without piercing skin
Closed fracture
33
Comminuted fracture
Bone is splinted or crushed
Closed compound fracture
34
Colles' fracture
Lower end of radius
| Lower fragment is displaced backward
35
Green stick fracture
One side of the bone is broken. Other is bent
Most common in children
36
Impacted fracture
One bone is driven into another
Common in vertebra
37
Pathologic fracture
Weakening bone structure due to neoplasia, osteomalacia or osteomyelitis
38
Potts' fracture
Lower part of fibula with serious injury if the lower tibial articulation
Chipping of medial malleolus or rupture of medial ligament
39
Thyroid gland
High level of Ca in blood stimulates parafollicular cells to release calcitonin
40
Calcitonin
Promotes despostion of blood Ca into bone matrix, decreases blood Ca level
41
Parathyroid gland
Low level of Ca in blood stimulates principle cells to release parathyroid hormone (PTH)
42
PTH
Promotes release of Ca from bone matrix into hoods and retards loss of Ca in urine which increases blood Ca level
PTH also stimulates the kidneys to release calcitriol
43
Calcitriol
Stimulates increased absorption of Ca from foods in the gastro tract, increasing blood Ca level
44
Boron
Enhances calcium absorption and estrogen metabolism
45
Fluoride
Stimulates bone and tooth development
46
Magnesium
Enhances bone quality and improves bone density
47
Phosphorus
Combines with calcium to form
48
Manganese
Acts as a coenzyme to form optimal bone matrix
49
Vitamin A
Controls activity, distribution and coordination of osteoblasts/ osteoclasts
50
Vitamin B12
May inhibit osteoblasts activity
51
Vitamin C
Helps maintain bone matrix, deficiency leads to decreased collagen production which inhibits bone growth and repair
52
Vitamin D
Calcitriol
Helps build bone by increasing calcium absorption
Deficiencies result in "rickets" in children
53
Human growth hormone
Promotes general growth of all body tissue and normal growth in children
54
Insulin
Like growth factor and stimulates uptake of amino acids and protein synthesis
Promotes growth and maturity
55
Thyroid hormone
Promotes normal bone growth and maturity
56
Estrogen
Increases osteogenesis at puberty and is responsible for gender differences of skeletons
57
Osteoporosis
Loss of both bone salts and collagen fibers
58
Craniostenosis
Deformity of the skull due to premature closing of cranial sutures
59
Kyphosis
Hunchback
60
Lordosis
Curve of lumbar and cervical spine
61
Scoliosis
Side to side curvature of spine
62
Spina bifida
Spinal cord is malformed and lacks protective skeletal or soft tissue coverings
63
Congenial talipes eauinovarus
Foot is plantar flexed , inverted and addicted
64
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Compression of wrist of the medial nerve supplying the hand
65
Rheumatoid arthritis
May be caused by infection
Autoimmune attacks against the collagen joints
66
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative joint disease
67
Bursitis
Inflammation of bursa
Especially in knee, elbow or shoulder
68
Laminectomy
Surgical removal of posterior arch of vertebra
69
Herniated disc
Rupture of fibrocartilage of the disc between spinal vertebrae
Lumbar region
70
Luxation
Dislocate
71
Subluxation
Partial dislocation
72
Sprain
Wrenching or laceration of ligaments
73
Bunion
A painful swelling of the bursa at first joint of big toe
74
Inversion
eversion
Big toe up sideways
Little toe up sideways
75
Protraction
Retraction
Chin out
Chin in
76
Elevation
Depression
Mouth closed
Mouth open
77
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation
Knee in toward center, arm on belly button
Knee out away from center, arm away from belly button
78
Abduction
Adduction
Apart, away
Together
79
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Leg up, palm up, looking down
Standing, high five, looking straight
Leg back, palm down, looking up
80
Ball and socket
Head of femur and hip bone
81
Saddle joint
Wrist and thumb (two saddles together)
82
Condyloid joint
Sideways cut joint
83
Pivot joint
Radius and ulna, straw and hole
