Unit 1 terms Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
How behavior and cognitive processes are affected by evolutionary instincts and habits.
A
- Evolutionary Perspective
2
Q
The principle that the inherited traits enabling an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to the succeeding generations.
A
- Natural selection
3
Q
Insight, and understanding of a participant’s qualities and using results to encourage or discourage people from reproducing.
A
- Eugenics
4
Q
The purpose is to assess the relative contributions of heredity and environment to some kind of attribute.
A
- Twin studies
5
Q
The brain and spinal cord.
A
- Central nervous system
6
Q
made up of thick bundles of axons, called nerves, carrying messages back and forth between the Central nervous system and the muscles, organs, and senses in the periphery of the body
A
- Peripheral nervous system
7
Q
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs.
A
- Autonomic Nervous system
8
Q
The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.
A
- Somatic nervous system
9
Q
carries signals that put your body’s systems on alert
A
- Sympathetic nervous system
10
Q
carries signals that return those systems to their standard activity levels.
A
- Parasympathetic nervous system
11
Q
Neuron: A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.
A
neuron
12
Q
Found in eyes, ears, tongue, and skin. Carry nerve impulses to the spinal cord and brain to be transferred into sensations.
A
- Sensory neurons (afferent)
13
Q
or In which the power of a stimulus is not proportional to the power of action potential.
A
- All-nothing principle
14
Q
The condition of the neuron when it is at rest.
A
- Resting potential
15
Q
A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control.
A
- Multiple sclerosis
16
Q
Blocks or prevents the chemical message from being passed along any further.
A
- Inhibitory neurotransmitter
17
Q
a neurotransmitter of the brain that plays an important role in regulation of arousal, attention, cognitive function, and stress reactions. Identified in the 1940s by Ulf Von Euler.
A
- Norepinephrine
18
Q
A naturally occurring tachykinin peptide isolated from brain tissues and gastrointestinal tract, in the nervous system.
A
- Substance P
19
Q
Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues.
A
- Hormones
20
Q
A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.
A
- Action potential
21
Q
The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.
A
- Synapse
22
Q
Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons, they may also play a role in learning, and memory.
A
- Glial cells
23
Q
Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.
A
- Motor neurons (efferent)
24
Q
When the cell’s charge becomes positive, or less negative
A
- Depolarization
25
A neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron.
25. Reuptake
26
CAuses muscle weakness, eyelid droop, difficulty swallowing and breathing. Antibodies block, alter, or destroy receptors for acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.
26. Myasthenia gravis
27
The “feel good” hormone that gives you a sense of pleasure.
27. Dopamine
28
The most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter released by nerve cells in your brain.
28. Glutamate
29
Hormones that are released when your body feels pain or stress; produced in the brain.
29. Endorphins
30
Stress hormone also known as epinephrine produced by adrenal glands, Part of the “flight or fight” response.
30. Adrenaline
31
The long cable of a neuron where electrical impulses from the neuron travel away to be received by other neurons.
31. Axon
32
Projections from the cell body/soma of neurons. The main function of dendrites is to receive information from other neurons.
32. Dendrite and soma
33
The pathway of neural stimulation that occurs to translate a sensation into a physical reflexive response. Includes the response and stimulation.
33. Reflex arc
34
Neurons within the brain and spinal cord; they communicate internally and process information between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
34. Interneurons
35
In neural processing, a brief resting pause occurs after the neuron has fired; subsequent action potentials cannot occur until the axon returns to its resting state.
35. Refractory period
36
The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.
36. Threshold
37
They ‘excite’ the neuron and cause it to “fire off the message,” meaning the message continues to be passed along.
37. Excitatory neurotransmitter
38
Hormone that regulates your mood from your brain depending on the amount.
38. Serotonin
39
A type of neurotransmitter, a chemical messenger in your brain.
39. GABA
40
An important neurotransmitter that plays a role in the brain functions, such as memory, and your body functions such as muscle contractions to move your muscles.
40. Acetylcholine
41
A hormone known as the ‘satiety hormone’ because it plays an essential role in appetite and weight control.
41. Leptin
42
A long-lasting increase in synaptic efficiency following high-frequency stimulation of afferent fibers.
42. Long term potential
43
A hormone known to increase your appetite; released in the stomach.
43. Ghrelin
44
A substance that mimics the actions of a neurotransmitter or hormone to produce a response when it kinds to a specific receptor in the brain.
44. Agonist drugs
45
Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
45. Stimulants
46
melatonin regulates your circadian rhythm and sleep, melatonin deficiency can cause sleep problems such as insomnia.
46. Melatonin
47
When we consume caffeine, it binds to adenosine receptors in the brain, blocking the effects of adenosine, and can bring on feelings of well-being, energy, and alertness.
47. Caffeine
48
oxytocin acts as a chemical messenger. It has an important role in human behaviors including sexual arousal, recognition, trust, romantic attachment, and mother-infant bonding. As a result, oxytocin has been called the 'love hormone'
48. Oxytocin (oxytocin difference)
49
reabsorption of neurotransmitters into the neuron. Chemically breaking down neurotransmitters makes them nonfunctional.
49. Reuptake
50
is considered to be a stimulant because it is known to excite neural processes and body functions. These effects have been observed in other stimulants such as caffeine and nicotine.
50. Cocaine
51
affect the central nervous system, slowing down the messages between the brain and body. They can affect concentration and coordination and slow down a person's ability to respond to unexpected situations.
51. Depressants
52
Some individuals experience acute psychotic symptoms that are time-linked to ingesting marijuana. This is called cannabis-induced psychosis
52. Marijuana
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a state of psychological and physical dependence on the use of drugs or other substances, such as alcohol, or on activities or behaviors, such as sex, exercise, and gambling.
53. Addiction
54
Alcohol is a depressant, which can disrupt the balance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in your brain and affect your feelings, thoughts, and behavior
54. Alcohol
55
produce feelings of euphoria which increase the odds that people will continue using them despite negative consequences.
55. Opioids
56
A term used to describe the physical and mental symptoms that a person has when they suddenly stop or cut back the use of an addictive substance
56. Withdrawal
57
a depressant drug – slows down certain functions of a person's brain and nervous system. Some of the immediate effects of heroin include feelings of well-being and relief from physical pain.
57. Heroin
58
defined as a fair and objective attitude towards others whose beliefs and lifestyles are different than that which you are experiencing
58. Tolerance
59
connects your brain to your spinal cord.
59. Brain stem
60
a collection of brain structures and neural pathways that are responsible for reward
60. Brain's reward center:
61
the left and right side of the brain.
61. Hemispheres (2):
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a complex brain structure embedded deep into temporal lobe
62. Hippocampus:
63
The frontal lobes help control thinking, planning, organizing, problem-solving, short-term memory and movement.
The parietal lobes help interpret feeling, known as sensory information. The lobes process taste, texture and temperature. The occipital lobes process images from your eyes and connect them to the images stored in your memory. This allows you to recognize images. The temporal lobes help process information from your senses of smell, taste and sound. They also play a role in memory storage.
63. Lobes (occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal):
64
help interpret feeling, known as sensory information. The lobes process taste, texture and temperature. The occipital lobes process images from your eyes and connect them to the images stored in your memory. This allows you to recognize images. The temporal lobes help process information from your senses of smell, taste and sound. They also play a role in memory storage.
The parietal lobes
65
split brain research refers to research and insights garnered from studying patients who have had their corpus callosum, a bundle of fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain, severed, in most cases to treat severe epilepsy.
64. Split brain research:
66
a type of disconnection syndrome when the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is severed to some degree.
65. Split brain patient:
67
a specific type of neuroimaging. In addition to diagnosing illnesses, brains scans are being increasingly utilized to study how the brain works in healthy people
66. Brain scans (EEG, fMRI, CT/CAT)(know each of these individually):
68
the lowest part of the brain present at the base of the brainstem. It is responsible for various brain activities that involve the autonomic nervous response,
67. Medulla:
69
the part of the brain located at the back, inferior to the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex
68. Cerebellum:
70
a group of structures in your brain that regulate your emotions, behavior, motivation and memory.
69. Limbic system:
71
a major processing center for emotions. It also links your emotions to many other brain abilities, especially memories, learning and your senses.
70. Amygdala:
72
the part of the brain within the cerebral cortex that receives all sensory information from various parts of the body. It is part of the sensory system of the brain.
71. Somatosensory cortex (function & location):
73
region of the brain that contains neurons involved in speech function
72. Broca’s area*:
74
a language disorder that affects how you communicate. It's caused by damage in the area of the brain that controls language expression and comprehension.
73. Aphasia:
75
any abnormal damage or change in the tissue of an organism, often caused by disease or trauma
74. Lesioning (brain surgical procedure):
76
a bundle of nerves that sits in your brainstem. And its job is to regulate behavioural arousal, consciousness and motivation.
75. Reticular activating system:
77
the outer layer of your brain's surface, located on top of the cerebrum. The cerebral cortex carries out essential functions of your brain, like memory, thinking, learning, reasoning, problem solving, emotions, consciousness, and sensory functions.
76. Cerebral cortex (cerebrum):
78
an eggshaped structure in the middle of your brain. It's known as a relay station of all incoming motor (movement) and sensory information
77. Thalamus:
79
a small peasized gland that plays a major role in regulating vital body functions and general wellbeing.
78. pituitary gland:
80
a thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres, allowing them to communicate.
79. Corpus callosum:
81
the region of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements.
80. Motor cortex (function & location):
82
region of the brain that contains motor neurons involved in the comprehension of speech.
81. Werenicke’s area*:
83
the capacity of the nervous system to change its structure and ultimately its function over a lifetime.
82. Brain plasticity:
84
a complex network of brainstem nuclei and neurons that serve as a major integration and relay center for many vital brain systems to coordinate functions necessary for survival.
83. Reticular formation:
85
the individual awareness of your unique thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations, and environments.
84. Consciousness
86
problems that occur when your body's internal clock, which tells you when it's time to sleep or wake, is out of sync with your environment.
85. Disruptions to circadian rhythm (jet Lag)
87
brief hallucinations that take place as you're falling asleep.
86. Hypnagogic Sensations
88
the increased occurrence of REM sleep following REM
87. REM Rebound
89
consolidation of memory and the selection of important information and stimuli received throughout the day
88. Sleep Function (consolidation/restoration)
90
a sleep disorder in which you have trouble falling and/or staying asleep
89. Insomnia
91
Sleep apnea can occur when breathing is interrupted while sleeping
90. Sleep apnea
92
the 24 hour internal clock in our brain that regulates cycles of alertness and sleepiness by responding to light changes in our environment.
91. Circadian rhythm (sleep/Wake cyle)
93
The human body cycles through 2 phases of sleep, (1) rapid eye movement (REM) and (2) nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
92. Sleep stages (with EEg Patterns)
94
a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur.
93. REM Sleep (Paradoxical Sleep)
95
a hypothesis that explains dreams as a product of cortical interpretation of random neural activity rising from the brainstem (specifically the pons).
94. Activation Synthesis dream theory
96
a disorder consisting of excessive daytime sleepiness accompanied by brief "attacks" of sleep during waking hours.
95. Narcolepsy
97
when people get up and walk around while asleep. Also known as sleepwalking
96. Somnambulism
98
Sleep is a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness.
97. Types of consciousness (Sleep/Wake)
99
2. a stage of NREM sleep defined by regular bursts of waves called sleep spindles. 1: the initial stage of NREM sleep, characterized by low 3.a stage of NREM sleep defined by sleep spindles interspersed with larger amplitude delta waves.
98. NREM Stages 1
100
a state of consciousness characterized by sensory, cognitive and emotional occurrences during sleep.
99. Dreaming
101
during all stages of sleep, the mind and brain are working to process new memories, consolidating them into long term storage and integrating recently acquired information with past experience.
100. Consolidation dream theory
102
involve problems with the quality, timing, and amount of sleep, which result in daytime distress and impairment in functioning.
101. Sleep disorder
103
a sleep disorder in which you physically act out your dreams unknowingly while you're asleep.
102. REM Sleep behavior
104
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
103. Sensation
105
the minimum difference between two stimuli that is just detectable by a person.
104. Just noticeable difference
106
the interdependency of each of the five senses on each other.
105. Sensory interaction
107
the area in back of the eye that contains your rods and cones.
106. Retina
108
In vision, a transparent, biconvex structure in the anterior portion of the eyeball that provides the fine, adjustable focus of the optical system.
107. Lens
109
Hyperopia is a refractive error due to an abnormally short eyeball, which causes the image of close objects to be blurred because the focal point of one or both eyes lies behind the retina.
108. Farsightedness
110
the ability to distinguish and identify lights and objects on the basis of their spectral properties.
109. Color vision
111
Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina, function in daylight or in well lit conditions, and detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
110. Cones (Blue/Red cones in the retina)
112
a small depression within the neurosensory retina where visual acuity is the highest.
111. Fova
113
The ability to perceive and recognize faces is impaired.
112. Prosopagnosia
114
the length of a wave from one peak to the next.
113. Wavelengths (pich)
115
The principle that individual fibers in an auditory nerve respond to one or another stimulus in a rapid succession of rhythmic sound stimuli.
114. Volley Theory (Hearning)
116
Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.
115. Conduction Deafness
117
Taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction) are called chemical senses because both have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.
116. Chemical senses
118
the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.
117. Threshold (Absolute Threshold)
119
Diminished sensitivity as a result of constant stimulation
118. Sensory adaptation
120
When the brain circuits for two or more senses become joined, so that when one sense is stimulated, it triggers another.
119. Synesthesia
121
A point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye; there are no receptor spots located there.
120. Blind Spot
122
The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus on near/far objects on the retina.
121. Accommodation
123
Retinal receptors that detect black, white and gray, and are sensitive to movement; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones don’t respond.
122. Rods
124
Theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors that when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color,
123. Trichromatic color Theory
125
visual illusion in which retinal impressions persist after the removal of a stimulus
124. Afterimages
126
color blindness in which only two of the three primary colors can be discerned.
125. Dichromatism (Color vision deficiency)
127
A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.
126. Blindsight
128
The distance between each wavelength.
127. Amplitude (loudness)
129
The theory that the rate of nerve impulses matches the frequency of a tone, allowing us to sense it’s pitch.
128. Frequency Theory (pitch perception)
130
Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve
129. Sensorineural deafness
131
the bodily structures that serve the sense of smell.
130. Olfactory system/bulb
132
conversion of one form of energy to another; physical energy such as sight and sound into neural impulses that the brain can interpret.
131. Transduction
133
The principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage,
132. Weber’s Law
134
the ability to see.
133. Vision
135
A term used to describe anatomic changes in the retina that can occur before the development of complete RPE and outer retinal atrophy (cRORA).
134. Incomplete retinal images
136
a refractive error that makes far away objects look blurry.
135. Nearsightedness
137
Contraction/dilation of your pupils to adjust to the amount of light in your surroundings.
136. Light/Dark adaptation
138
Process color Theory Theory that opposing retinal processes (red green, blue, yellow, white black) is what simulates colored vision.
137. Opponent
139
Ganglion cells are .the projection neurons of the vertebrate retina, conveying information from other retinal neurons to the rest of the brain
138. Ganglion Cells
140
only being able to see 1 of the three primary colors.
139. Monochromatism (color vision deficiency )
141
the pattern of disturbance caused by the movement of energy traveling.
140. Sound waves
142
The theory that links the pitch we hear with where the cochlea is stimulated.
141. Place Theory (pitch perception )
143
people with hearing loss ranging from mild to severe
142. Hearing difficulties
144
olfactory chemical massages
143. Pheromones
145
ability to sense the position of our body
144. Kinesthesis
146
our sense of taste
145. Gustation
147
muscle in the mouth that has taste receptors
146. Tongue
148
the idea that one sense may influence another.
147. Sensory interaction (smell/taste)
149
Theory that the spinal cord has a neurological gate to block or pass on pain signals to the brain.
148. Gate Control theory
150
part of the inner ear the spiral cavity.
149. Semicircular Canals (cochlea)
151
These cells contain receptors that extend upward inside the taste pore.
151. Taste receptors
152
tactile sense
152. Touch
153
the sensation that an amputated or missing limb is still attached.
153. Phantom limb syndrome
154
unique taste of fat
154. Oleogustus (fatty taste)
155
people who have strong, average or weak senses of taste.
155. Supertasters, medium tasters, nontasters
156
functions to detect the position and movement of our head in space. This allows for the coordination of eye movements, posture, and equilibrium.
157. Vestibular Sense
