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unit 1 test Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does archaebacteria live

A

in extreme environments, that lack 
oxygen

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2
Q

how many types of archae
bacteria are there?

A

Three

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3
Q

what are the three types of archaebacteria?

A

Thermacidophiles, halophiles, and methanogens

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4
Q

where do thermacidophiles live

A

Hot and acidic places like volcanic vent and hot Sulphur Springs

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5
Q

where does halophiles live

A

And places with high salt concentration, like the great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea

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6
Q

where do methanogens live?

A

And places with high oxygen, such as manure 

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7
Q

What are the four things eubacteria needs to survive

A

A food source, moisture, warm, temperature, and a dark environment

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8
Q

what type of infections do antibiotics treat?

A

Bacterial infections

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9
Q

What type of cell wall does a bacterial infection have

A

A carbohydrate based cell wall

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10
Q

what happens when the antibiotics poke holes in the cell wall?

A

The bacteria infection cannot maintain homeostasis

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11
Q

Why don’t antibiotics work on viruses

A

Because of virus has a caps it as the outer layer that has made out of protein

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12
Q

do antibiotics lose effectiveness overtime

A

Yes

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13
Q

how many types of arrangements are in bacteria?

A

Four

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14
Q

What are the four arrangements?

A

singular, Diplo, Strepto, and staphylo

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15
Q

How many different shapes are there?

A

Three

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16
Q

what are the three shapes

A

coccus, bacillus, Spirillum

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17
Q

what are two reasons why bacteria are so successful?

A

Reproductive rate and endospore

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18
Q

why does bacteria have such a high reproductive rate?

A

Because they are few organelles and small amount of DNA

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19
Q

what are the two ways that bacteria can reproduce?

A

Binary fission and conjunction

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20
Q

what is binary fission?

A

asexual reproduction that creates two identical cells

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21
Q

What is conjunction?

A

Sexual reproduction that creates genetically diverse cells

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22
Q

What is an endospore?

A

A bacterial survival technique that allows them to survive an extreme conditions for 100+ years

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23
Q

what are three ways to kill bacteria?

A

Pasteurization, canning, dehydration

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24
Q

What is pasteurization?

A

Uses heat to kill bacteria

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25
what is canning?
Uses heat, a seal, and lack of oxygen to kill bacteria
26
what is dehydration?
Removes moisture to kill bacteria
27
what is in common with antiseptics and disinfectants
They both kill bacteria
28
what services are anti-septic's used on?
Biotic surfaces
29
what services are disinfectants used on?
Abiotic surfaces
30
Are antiseptics or disinfectants more effective
Disinfectants
31
what does it mean if the stain is purple?
It is gram-positive
32
what does it mean if the stain is pink or red?
It is Gram negative
33
what is in common with gram-positive and gram-negative
They both have a cell wall
34
what is a pathogen?
A sickness or disease causing agent
35
what three different things kind of pathogen be in
Bacteria, viruses, and fungus
36
What is a virus?
A nonliving, infectious particles of protein.
37
Do viruses represent the eight characteristics of life
Only when they are in a host cell
38
what type of virus attacks bacteria
Bacteriophages
39
what type of cells do viruses attack?
Eukaryotic cells
40
what three things are in a virus structure
Genetic material, capsid, and a receptor
41
what does the genetic material doing a virus?
It is the DNA or RNA
42
what does the capsid do in a virus?
It is made of proteins, and it protects the genetic material
43
what does the receptor do in a virus?
It attaches to a host cell and injects genetic material into the cell
44
What is the first step of virus does
Enters the body and find a host cell
45
What is the second step of virus does
Injects genetic material into the host cell
46
what is the third step of virus does
The new genetic material takes control of the cell
47
What is the fourth step a virus does
It uses the host cell to make many copies of itself
48
what is the fifth step a virus does
Lysis, which is the virus breaking out of the cell, and it destroys the south
49
what cycle is short term?
The lytic cycle
50
What cycle is long-term?
The lysogenic cycle
51
what cycle do symptoms appear?
The lytic cycle
52
what cycle do viral genetic material become part of the host cells DNA sequence when injected
The lysogenic cycle
53
and what cycle does the number of viruses increase?
The lytic cycle
54
what cycle does the virus only reproduce when the cell does
The lysogenic cycle
55
what cycle does once the virus is cleared from the body the virus is gone
The lytic cycle
56
What cycle if you get infected you are infected for life
The lysogenic cycle
57
what cycle is the hiding stage or no symptoms?
The lysogenic cycle 
58
what cycle is a cold flu or Ebola?
The lytic cycle
59
what cycle is HIV?
The lysogenic cycle
60
What cycle is chickenpox and shingles?
Both cycles
61
What is the immune system?
Fights off pathogens
62
what is the first line of defense for nonspecific?
Skin, which is a protective barrier
63
What is the second line of defense?
The mucous membrane
64
why is there more sickness in winter than the summer?
Because there is less moisture, and it dries your mucous membrane out
65
where are white blood cells created?
Bone marrow
66
what does the spleen do?
It filters, blood and macrophages are made, and it removes pathogens
67
what is the part of the brain that is responsible for your body temperature?
Hypothalamus
68
What educates white blood cells what pathogen to look for?
Thymus
69
What is the lymphatic system and lymph nodes?
They are full of white blood cells with vessels connecting them. Pathogens and macrophages are here.
70
what is an antigen?
It is a protein sequence that is unique to each pathogen
71
how many types of white blood cells are there? 
four
72
what are the four types of white blood cells?
Macrophage, T-helper cells, cytotoxic, T cell, memory, B cell
73
what is the largest white blood cell?
Macrophage
74
What is the first responder white blood cell?
Macrophage
75
What does the macrophage do?
Engulfs the pathogen, destroys the pathogen, identifies the antigen
76
What does the T-helper cells do?
Takes identified antigens and antibodies that match antigen
77
What white blood cell signal production of more white blood cells
The tea, helper cell
78
What does the cytotoxic T cell do?
attacks specific pathogen inside the cell
79
what white blood cell dies after infection
Cytotoxic T cell
80
What does the memory B cells do?
Attack specific pathogen's in our bloodstream
81
What white blood cell is continuingly produced
The memory B cell
82
What white blood cell gives immunity and is the reason for vaccines?
Memory B cells

bio tri 3 (2 decks)

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