Unit 1 Test

Question 1

Properties of water

Answer 1

Cohesion
Surface tension
Adhesion

Question 2

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 2

A weak bond formed by positive and negative regions of separate molecules

Question 3

Why does ice float on water

Answer 3

Molecules more spread out, less dense

Question 4

Covalent bond

Answer 4

Electron shared, forming molecules

Question 5

Carbon

Answer 5

Used to build biological molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Used in storage compounds and cell formation in organisms

Question 6

Nitrogen

Answer 6

Used to build proteins and nucleic acids

Question 7

Phosphorus

Answer 7

Used to build nucleic acids and certain lipids

Question 8

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 8

Covalent bond is formed, water given off as a product

Question 9

Hydrolysis

Answer 9

Uses water to break a covalent bond

Question 10

Polymer

Answer 10

Very large molecule composed of many small, repeating structural units. Repeating structural units tis are called monomers

Question 11

Polysaccharides

Answer 11

Starch is the primary storage polysaccharide in plants. The most common forms are amylose and amylopectin. Hydrolysis of starch results in glucose molecules

Question 12

Cellulose

Answer 12

Most abundant organic molecule in nature. Is a long, unbranched glucose polymer

Question 13

How does the structure of cellulose affect its bonding abilities

Answer 13

Is a long unbranched glucose polymer. The straight chain allows for hydrogen bonding to happen between the strands

Question 14

Chitin

Answer 14

Structural polysaccharide in animals. Glycogen is similar to cellulose in structure

Question 15

What is the monomer of carbohydrates

Answer 15

Monosaccharides. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are the monosaccharides that most often make up carbohydrates

Question 16

How does dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis work in carbohydrates

Answer 16

Dehydration synthesis forms a covalent bond and produces water as a product. Hydrolysis is a reaction that uses water to break a covalent bond

Question 17

How does the structure of carbohydrates relate to its function

Answer 17

The structure of carbohydrates determines whether or not we get energy from it. Cellulose, for example, is something humans cannot digest due to its long and unbranched structure

Question 18

Structure and function of polymers are derived from the way their monomers are assembled (a

Answer 18

In nucleic acids, biological information is encoded in sequences of nucleotide monomers.

Question 19

Nucleotide structural components

Answer 19

A five carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) a phosphate and a nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil) dna and rna differ in structure and function

Question 20

Polypeptide

Answer 20

(Primary structure) the specific order of amino acids in a polypeptide determines the shape of the protein. Amino acids have directionality with an amino (NH2) terminus and a carboxyl (COOH) terminus. The r group of an amino acid can be categorized by chemical properties (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or ionic). Interactions of r groups determine structure and function of the region of the protein

Question 21

Complex carbohydrates

Answer 21

Comprise sugar monomers whose structures determine the properties and functions of the molecules

Question 22

Lipids

Answer 22

Non polar macromolecules. Differences in saturation determine structure and function of lipids. Phospholipids contain polar regions that interact with other polar molecules, such as water, and with non polar regions that are often hydrophobic

Question 23

Structure and function of polymer

Answer 23

Directionality of the subcomponents influences structure and function of the polymer

Question 24

Polymer directionality a

Answer 24

Nucleic acids have a linear sequence of nucleotides that have ends, defined by the 3’ hydroxyl and 5’ phosphates of the sugar in the nucleotide. During dna and rna synthesis, nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the growing strand, resulting in the formation of a covalent bond between nucleotides

Question 25

Polymer directionality b DNA structured as

Answer 25

DNA structured as an antiparallel double helix. Adenine nucleotides pair with guanine nucleotides by three hydrogen bonds

Question 26

Polymer directionality c

Answer 26

Proteins comprise linear chains of amino acids, connected by the formation of covalent bonds at the carboxyl terminus of the growing peptide chain

Question 27

Polymer directionality d

Answer 27

Proteins have primary structure determined by the sequence order of amino acids, secondary structure that arises through local folding of the amino acid chain into elements such as alpha helix and beta sheets. Tertiary structures is the overall shape of the protein and often minimizes free energy. Quaternary structure arises from interactions between multiple polypeptide units. Elements of protein structure determine function

Question 28

Polymer directionally e

Answer 28

Carbohydrates comprise linear chains of sugar monomers connected by covalent bonds. Carbohydrates may be linear or branched

Question 29

DNA and rna components

Answer 29

Sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base— that form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with 5’ and 3’ ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to sugar phosphate backbone

Question 30

Structural differences rna and dna

Answer 30

DNA-deoxyribose. RNA — ribose DNA- thymine. RNA—uracil DNA- dig or stranded. RNA - single stranded The two dna strands in double stranded dna are antiparallel in directionality

Question 31

Which structure most likely solid at room temp

Answer 31

Palmitic acid because the absence of carbon-carbon double bonds allows the molecules to pack closely together

Question 32

Broken and replace

Answer 32

The hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs can be broken and reformed without allowing any nucleotide to be removed from a DNA molecule (both y and c same side at same time)

Question 33

Make dna look more like rna

Answer 33

Changing the deoxyriboses to riboses by adding OH groups

Question 34

Which of the following best describes the process that adds a monosaccharide to an existing polysaccharide

Answer 34

A specific enzyme removes the hydrogen from the monosaccharide and the hydroxide (OH) from the polysaccharide, creating a bond between the two and creating a water molecule

Question 35

Cellulose can be

Answer 35

A primary source for glucose

Question 36

Which statement best describes how water is pulled up through the xylem to the leaves of the plant?

Answer 36

As water exits the leaf, hydrogen bonding between water molecules pulls more water up from below

Question 37

Difference in plant growth

Answer 37

Phosphorus starved, unable to synthesize nucleic acids and lipids, limiting growth

Question 38

Is the structure dna or rna

Answer 38

DNA because of the nucleotides present

Question 39

Structural similarities between rna and dna

Answer 39

Contain nucleotides that form base pairs with other nucleotides, which allows each molecule to act as a template in the synthesis of other nucleic acid molecules