Unit 1 Test Review - Diversity of Living Things Flashcards

Question

What are the methods of reproduction in kingdom eubacteria?

Answer 1

asexual reproduction or sexual -when bacteria reproduce they form a colony -the shape, and texture, of the colony are dependent on the type/species of bacteria -most bacteria reproduce asexually but some occasionally reproduce sexually and in that case, DNA from 2 bacteria recombine or exchanges

Answer 2

-much like mitosis, the bacterium splits into two -the most common method of reproduction for eubacteria and archaea How it happens -parent cell spits into two individual identical daughter cells -daughter cells have identical genetic information (DNA) MEMORIZE DIAGRAM*

Answer 3

-some bacteria are capable of transferring their DNA into a special compartment called an endospore, which can be released from the original cell -spores can resist harsh conditions and are used as dispersal mechanisms -later, when conditions are favourable the spore will come out of its "hibernation" and live normally once again

Answer 4

1) Transformation: The original bacterium dies and releases its DNA, this DNA is absorbed by another bacterium 2) Transduction: DNA from one bacterium is transferred to another by viruses 3) Conjugation: the most like "sex", a specialized sex pilus acts like a bridge between two bacteria MEMORIZE BACTERIAL CONJUGATION DIAGRAM*

Answer 5

BE ABLE TO LABEL DIAGRAM* Cell Wall: outer membrane for protection, determines shape Cell (cytoplasmic) membrane: flexible membrane that regulates the movement of material in and out of the cell Pilus: rod-like projections that extend through the cell wall, and serve for attachment, either to have a host cell or another bacterium Flagellum: whip-like dippendage that bacterium uses to propel Capsule: slime layer outside cell wall that prevents exposure to surroundings Nucleoid: contains DNA, no membrane separates nucleoid from cytoplasm Plasmid: small circular DNA that is separate from the DNA of the nucleoid Ribosomes: proteins are made in this organelle

Answer 6

1) Coccus (cocci) -spherical-shaped bacteria Diplococci: (two connected spheres) Monococcus: (single sphere) Streptococci: (chain of connected spheres) Staphylococci: (clump of connected spheres) 2) Bacillus (bacilli) -rod-shaped bacteria -found individually or in chains 3) Spirillum (spicilla) -spiral-shaped bacteria -always found individually MEMORIZE DIAGRAMS*

Answer 7

1) A base on which to grow 2) nutrients 3) an ideal temperature range 4) moisture

Answer 8

most survive in 7, but some can survive in acidic environments (cheese, yogurt), some even basic (alkali lakes)

Answer 9

obligate aerobic: needs oxygen obligate anaerobes: oxygen is poisonous facultative anaerobes: can change or grow in the presence or absence of oxygen

Answer 10

psychrophiles: grow in cold (5-20) mesophilic bacteria: mid temp (20-40), most bacteria are in this category thermophilic prokaryotes: high temperature (40-90) such as deep sea vents/hot springs

Answer 11

-non-cellular particles incapable of carrying out life functions (non-living) -not classified into a kingdom of life -vary in size from 20-400nm -they are classified into orders, families, genera, and species based on a variety of features including size, shape, and type of genetic material -not all virus species have been classified -most viruses can only affect a single host/closely related hosts -might only affect one organ system, or single cell type in host -They are spread in many ways, some through air, or direct physical contact, biting by infected insects, or through injuries

Answer 12

genetic material: DNA or RNA capsid: protein coat which protects the genetic material binding sites: allow virus to latch onto a host cell MEMORIZE DIAGRAM OF HERPES AND BACTERIOPHAGE**

Answer 13

reproduction and mutation

Answer 14

by invading a LIVING cell, viruses can use the host cell's metabolic machinery to replicate themselves (hijackers)

Answer 15

human cold virus: infects the upper respiratory tract HIV: infects the cells of the immune system

Answer 16

-influenza -measles -mumps -rabies -AIDS -COVID-19

Answer 17

-very small (smaller than any virus) -infectious pieces of RNA responsible for some serious diseases in plants -do not have capsid (fragile)

Answer 18

-abnormally-shaped -infectious protein responsible for some brain diseases of mammals, including humans

Answer 19

-made of mixtures that contain weakened forms of a dangerous virus (protein or sugar) -they trigger a response by the immune system without causing an infection -this exposure creates chemical memory that allows for the immune system to react quickly if the individual ever comes in contact with the real virus

Answer 20

The lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle

Answer 21

1) Attachment: virus attaches to host cell 2) Entry: virus injects DNA/RNA into cell 3) Replication: host cell's metabolism begins to make copies of the viral DNA/RNA (takes control of cell) 4) Assembly: new virus particles are assembled 5) Lysis (release): host cell breaks open (dies) and releases new virus particles MEMORIZE DIAGRAM*

Answer 22

1) attachment and entry of viral DNA/RNA (same beginning steps as lytic) 2) virus' nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) combines with the bacterium's (or host cell's) DNA 3) the viral nucleic acid is replicated with the host bacterium DNA 4) dormant (non-active) virus can be activated by a stimulus such as temperature change, or available nutrients... 5) When activated, the lytic cycle occurs MEMORIZE DIAGRAM*

Answer 23

a virus that infects bacteria

Answer 24

*biggest struggle to develop them is funding -enable modern medicine -cure infectious diseases -safely facilitate surgery, chemotherapy -have chemicals that prevent bacterial growth

Answer 25

First antibiotic was made by Alexander Flemming in 1928 (PENICILLIN)

Answer 26

-1940's and 50's -from then till the 80's companies noticed the problem when making more antibiotics -problem was that the new ones being created were only applicable for a broad variety of bacteria/infections compared to the ones created before -fewer dosages were then sold (less profitable) -new classes of antibiotics stopped being discovered by the 1980's, but bacteria continued to multiply

Answer 27

AGRICULTURE (largest consumer of antibiotics) uses them in large volumes, this increases the bacteria's exposure to the antibiotics and this opens an opportunity for the bacteria to grow resistant to it, and this exposure creates familiarity some other ones: -lack of new antibiotic development -poor infection control practices

Answer 28

-control the use of existing antibiotics -create new ones -combat resistance to new and existing drugs -find new ways to fight bacterial infections (maybe using fungus as a majority have existed for 1k+ years and they have antibiotic compounds in them that can queue survival against bacteria)

Answer 29

-very diverse group of organisms (115 000) known species -all of the organisms that don't fit into other kingdoms (odd-balls) -play key roles in aquatic ecosystems -they are eukaryotic and have both nucleus and membrane-bound organelles ex. amoeba, green algae, paramecium

Answer 30

both sexually and asexually

Answer 31

Animal-like protists Plant-like protists Fungus-like protists

Answer 32

Animal-like protists: -called "protozans" motility: have flagella, cilia, or pseudopods (temporary projections of the cytoplasm) that facilitate movement -life in an aquatic environment, wet soil, or fluids inside other organisms -animal-like because they are heterotrophic -pseudopods help them move around as they literally are called false foot FEEDING METHOD: pseudopods create extensions and form a food vacuole to obtain food MEMORIZE DIAGRAM for feeding and paramecium example*

Answer 33

-have chloroplasts with chlorophyll and thus carry out photosynthesis (autotrophic) -some unicellular, some multicellular -live in aquatic environments and wet soil

Answer 34

1) Algae 2) Diatoms 3) Dinoflagellates 4) Euglenoids 5) Brown Algae 6) Green Algae 7) Red Algae

Answer 35

-feed on dead and decaying matter by endocytosis (heterotrophic) -live in cool and damp habitats -reproduce by releasing spores (like fungus)

Answer 36

cells that can grow into new organisms

Answer 37

-classified by multicellular organisms and are all eukaryotic -they do not have cell walls, they are heterotrophic -most reproduce sexually ex. birds, elephants, sponges, insects -group is divided into vertebrates (backbone) and invertebrates (no backbone) -kingdom is further divided into 10 phyla

Answer 38

1) Body organization: tissues, organs 2) Embryonic Germ Cell Layera: two or three layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) 3) Symmetry: radial or bilateral 4) Digestive tract: one opening or two 5) Coelom: true body cavity formed within the mesoderm, partially formed, none

Answer 39

kingdom animalia

Answer 40

heterotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular, lack cell walls

Answer 41

1) Feeding 2) Respiration 3) Circulation 4) Excretion 5) Response 6) Movement 7) Reproduction

Answer 42

cells-tissue-organs-organ systems

Answer 43

Body symmetry: the body plan of an animal, how its parts are arranged asymmetry: no pattern radial: shaped like a wheel bilateral: right and left side cephalization: an anterior concentration of sense organs (to have a head) *the more complex the animal the more pronounced their cephalization segmentation: advanced animals have body segments and specialization of tissue (humans are segmented)

Answer 44

1) Ponifera (sponges): no mouth or digestive cavity, marine 2) Cnidaria: jellyfish, hydra, motile, radial symmetry, marine 3) Platyhelminthes (flatworms): tapeworms, flukes, free living in marine/ freshwater, body flattened, mouth but no anus 4) Nematoda (roundworms): pinworm, hookworm, slender, free-living or parasitic, all habitats 5) Rotifera (wheel): rotifers, anterior end ringed with cilia, freshwater with some marine 6) Annelida (segmented worms): earthworms, leeches, segmented, mouth and anus 7) Mollusca: snails, clams, squids, have shells, all habitats 8) Athropoda: insects, crabs, mites, spiders, segmented with possible jointed appendages, all habitats 9) Echinodermata: starfish, sea urchin, radial symmetry in adults, marine 10) Chordata: fish, amphibians, birds reptiles, mammals, all habitats, notochord at some time in life history

Answer 45

plants are described based on a variety of criteria including: -vascular structure -arrangement of vascular bundles -seed production -types of seeds

Answer 46

-plants use their vascular structure to move materials around the plant -the structures occur in bundles within a plant and these bundles are scattered/arranged in rings

Answer 47

-plants reproduce asexually or sexually -seeds are the result of sexual reproduction -pollination occurs when the male gamete in a pollen grain penetrates an ovule containing the egg cell (female gamete) -a plant seed contains an embryo and a food supply, surrounded by a protective outer covering (seed coat)

Answer 48

-the general structure of leaves helps them carry out the roles in photosynthesis, and gas exchange -most leaves have flattened areas known as the blade, the blade is attached to the stem by a stalk-like structure called a petoile -leaves can be simple, with one blade, or leaves can be compound with several leaflets attached to the petiole

Answer 49

vascular (seedless plants (ex. ferns), or seed-producing plants) non-vascular plants (ex. mosses)

Answer 50

Seed-producing plants: -Gymnosperms: naked seeds not enclosed in a fruit ex. spruce trees -Angiosperms: seeds are enclosed in fruit, formed from flowers ex. apple trees

Answer 51

Monocots vs Dicots

Answer 52

Similarities: -eukaryotic -do not show movement -similar growth patterns -membrane-bound organelles Differences: -fungi cell walls made up of chitin, plant cellulose -plants have roots, fungi have mycelium

Answer 53

Monocots: -Flowers bear petals in multiples of 3 -Monocots have one seed leaf/cotyledon -Monocot stems are simple, and soft, with vascular bundles scattered randomly -Monocot leaves are parallel with veins and tend to be in one place with simple shapes -The monocot root is fibrous, some produce underground roots such as bulbs Dicots: -Flowers usually bear petals in groups of four or five -Dicots have two seed leaves/cotyledon -Dicot stem is complex, has a centre core and a woody portion which contains the cortex and the bark -Dicot leaves can be simple or compound, they have reticulate veins and often intricate edges -Dicot roots are generally a woody tap root

Answer 54

-plants use seed dispersal to move or transport their seeds away from the parent plant as they have limited mobility, seeds can be dispersed away individually or collectively as well as being dispersed in space and time Six main methods of dispersal 1)Gravity 2) Wind 3) Animal Dispersal 4)Ballistic 5) Water 6) Serotiny

Answer 55

-moves seeds from where they are produced -effect of gravity on heavier fruits causes them to fall from the plant when ripe -fruits exhibiting this type of dispersal could be coconuts, apples (harder shells) -often roll away from the plant to claim distance -gravity dispersal allows for later transmission by water animals

Answer 56

-more primitive way of moving seeds -seeds can float on the breeze or flutter to the ground ex. head of dandelion seeds acts as a parachute to catch wind

Answer 57

-some have barbs or structures that get tangled in animal fur/feathers and get carried to new sites -plants can produce seeds in fleshy fruits that get eaten by animals, then get digested and sent through tracts and dropped into new locations -some animals bury seeds (squirrels with acorns) save them for later but often forget about them, and these grow into new plants

Answer 58

-seed is forcefully ejected away from the parent plant -the structure of a plant/ seed pod can help with this type of dispersal

Answer 59

-aquatic and terrestrial plants use water to disperse seeds -seeds can travel for extremely long distances, depending on the specific mode of water dispersal; this especially applies to fruits which are waterproof and float

Answer 60

-seeds released for dispersal as a result of environmental change, rather than spontaneously at seed maturation POSSIBLE TRIGGERS: -death of parent plant or branch -wetting -warming by the sun -drying atmospheric conditions -fire (MOST COMMON) -fire followed by wetting

Answer 61

-live in dark places -feed off decaying matter -grow from spores -spores develop in the gills -gills are under the cap -spores shot out of gills and mix with spores from other mushrooms -spores and spread by wind -when spores grow, they develop hyphae -hyphae grow together and form the mycelium -mycelium produces a fruiting body that is seen above the surface MEMORIZE MUSHROOM AND FUNGI DIAGRAM*

Answer 62

-sexually and asexually -this is beneficial as it allows them to adjust to the environment vastly and spread quickly, as well as increase genetic variations through the reproduction

Answer 63

-haploid cells produced by mitosis from a haploid parent cell -genetically identical to parent call, fungi use these spores to colonize areas and continue life -they have evolved so that the fungi offspring will not have to compete with the parent cells for space/ resources -methods of dispersal are wind and water

Answer 64

-does not include spores -includes the pinching off of an offspring from the parent cell -this offspring is genetically identical to the parent cell ex. yeast (asexual)

Answer 65

-two haploid hyphae fuse, forming a diploid spore called a zygospore -the zygospore is genetically different from the parents, after it germinates it undergoes meiosis, further forming haploid cells that can develop into new hyphae

Answer 66

The cap: supports and protects gills of pores which are where the spores are produced Ring or annulus: partial veil grows from the edge of the cap to the stem, the ring or annulus is what is left on the stem and the cap grows and breaks the veil. the veil provides extra protection to the spores when the toadstool was young Stem or stipe: holds up the cap so that when the spores drop down they are high enough from the ground to drift away Mycelium: the 'hidden body' of the fungus. finds the food for the fungus and when conditions are suitable it can produce a toadstool or fruiting body Gills: gills or pores grow under the cap and produce spores. to produce, protect, and scatter the spores is why the toadstool grows. The volva: if the fungus ha a universal veil the volva is what is left of the veil at the bottom of the stem when the veil is broken. the veil is broken as the toadstool grows. the veil sometimes leaves spots on the cap as well. MEMORIZE DIAGRAM*

Answer 67

temporary protrusions of the cytoplasm of an organism that is attempting o help the call move in a sliding locomotion, or attempting to help it enclose food and create a food vacuole -literally means false foot

Answer 68

small hair-like structures that play a role in the motion of a cell, specifically in moving water relative to the cell in a regular movement (moving contents, helps cell move)

Answer 69

animals that have both female and male parts, produce both eggs ex. planaria

Answer 70

Similarities: -have cells -can grow and reproduce -both have DNA -both respond to stimuli in the environment Differences: -structure -adaptation -ways of obtaining energy -makeup of cell wall

Answer 71

their ability to reproduce, genetic differences, and physical characteristics, as these traits make them unique and identify their compatibility with another organism. if everything as such differs, their traits will be considered different and labelled as a different species, and fit into another one of the kingdoms.

Unit 1 Test Review - Diversity of Living Things Flashcards

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