UNIT 1- THEORIST ON GROWTH & DEVELOPEMENT Flashcards
1
Q
Who are the 4 theorist we need to know and their theories?
A
- Erikson- Psychosocial
- Piaget- Cognitive
- Freud- Psychosexual
- Kohlberg- Moral
2
Q
How many stages does Erikson’s theory consist of and which do we need to know?
A
8 stages, we focus on 5.
- Trust vs. Mistrust- Infant
- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt- toddler
- Initiative vs. Guilt- Preschool
- Industry vs. Inferiority- School age
- Identity vs. Role confusion - adolescence
3
Q
What is Erikson’s theories based around?
A
He believed that in order to be successful one must balance positive and a corresponding negative.
4
Q
What did Piaget believe?
A
He believed that the development of intellect and knowledge of the environment is gained through the senses. He provided support on the idea that children think differently than adults and identified several important developmental milestones in children
5
Q
Freuds theories were highly…..
A
controversial
6
Q
What did Freud believe?
A
He believed that sexual energy of the ID takes different forms as a child matures.
7
Q
What is your ID?
A
Unconscious self
example- you want to go out with your friends! dont study….
8
Q
What is your superego?
A
Conscious self
example- You must study all night or you won’t pass
9
Q
What is your ego?
A
Balance between your ID and superego
example- study now and after you do well on your exam you can spend time with your friends.
10
Q
How many stages of Freud’s psychosexual theories are there?
A
5
11
Q
What did Kohlberg believe?
A
He believed that the moral process was a complicated process evolving the acceptance of values and rules of society in a way that shapes our behaviors… concern with the principles of wrong and right.
12
Q
Kohlberg’s theory is divided how…
A
He divided the life span into 3 stages
1. Pre-conventional
2. Conventional
3. Post-conventional
13
Q
Infancy is what age to what age?
A
Birth- 1yr
14
Q
During the infant stage what theories will we see?
A
Erikson- Trust vs. Mistrust
Freud- Oral stage
Piaget: Sensorimotor Period (stages 1-4)
15
Q
What was Eriksons view behind Trust vs. Mistrust and what stage in childhood is this seen?
A
Infant
Trust is “the sense that there is some correspondence between your needs and your world”
Erikson believed that when an infant expressed a need and the caregiver filled the need that trust was built and when the need was not met… mistrust was built
16
Q
What are crucial elements in Eriksons Trust vs. Mistrust?
A
- Quality of the caregiver/child relationship
- Consistency of care
17
Q
What must we keep in mind when providing scheduled care of an infant in relation to Eriksons theory of trust vs. Mistrust.
A
If a caregiver constantly meets the need of the baby then the baby cant express the need to know that it has been met which can also lead to mistrust
18
Q
Erikson’s trust vs. mistrust theory focuses on narcissism in the infant what should we know about this.
A
Infants have a degree of egocentrism– total concern for ones self
19
Q
Trust vs. Mistrust
Task is too…. (question 1)
Failure to resolve leads to…. (question 2)
A
- Trust
- Mistrust and failure to thrive (FTT)
20
Q
What stage of Freud’s theory do we see in infancy? (birth to 1y)
A
Oral Stage
21
Q
What did Freud believe about the oral stage?
A
This age group found sources of pleasure through activities such as sucking, biting and vocalizing.
22
Q
What is nonnutritive sucking?
A
Pleasure of sucking that does not provide nutrients such as sucking fingers or pacifiers.
23
Q
What are safety tips to teach parents about pacifiers?
A
- Paci needs to be sturdy, one-piece Contruction
- No detachable ribbon or string
- 2 Ventilating holes
- Handle
24
Q
In infancy what stage of Piaget’s theory do we see?
A
Sensorimotor Period
25
How long does the sensorimotor period last?
birth- 24 months
26
How many stages does the sensorimotor period contain and what are there names?
6- 1st 4 in infancy
1. Stage 1: Reflexes
2. Stage 2: Primary circular reaction
3. Stage 3: Secondary circular reaction
4. Stage 4: Coordination of secondary reaction
Last 2 in toddler
5. Stage 5: Tertiary circular reactions
6. Stage 6: inventions of new means
27
According to Piaget what happens to our behavior pattern during the sensorimotor periord?
Our behaviors move from being reflexive to repetitive to imitation
28
According to Piaget what is happening to us during the sensorimotor period?
We are developing intellect and knowledge of the environment gained through our senses
29
What are 3 crucial events during the sensorimotor period.
1. Separation: Infants learn to separate themselves from other objects in their environment
2. Object permeance: Infants learn that objects exist once they leave the visual field and will begin pursing a lost hidden object
3. Symbols and mental representation: Infants begin to reproduce or repeat a previously witnessed action
30
Why is peak a boo so fun in infancy?
Before infants gain the understanding of object permanency they truly believe and are surprised that the parent is gone
31
What is circulation reaction?
Action that is repeated over and over
32
What is primary circulation reaction?
Centered around the infants body
example: stroking an infants check and the baby turns their head
33
What is secondary circulation reaction?
Orientation to the environment
34
What is the 1st stage of the sensorimotor period?
Stage 1- reflexes
35
When does the 1st stage (reflexes) of the sensorimotor period occur and what should we expect?
1. Birth- 1m
2. Sucking, rooting, grasping, crying
36
What is the 2nd stage of the sensorimotor period?
Primary circular reaction
37
When does the 2nd stage (primary circular reaction) of the sensorimotor period occur and what should we expect?
1. 1m-4m
2. Centered around the body-- beginning to replace reflexive behavior w/ voluntary action
38
What is the 3rd stage of the sensorimotor period?
Secondary circular reaction
39
When does the 3rd stage (secondary circular reaction) of the sensorimotor period occur and what should we expect?
1. 4m-8m
2. Greater awareness of the environment
3. Around 6M old
- imitation "bye bye" wave
- Increased affect: excited for bottle squill
- Object permanence
40
What is the 4th stage of the sensorimotor period?
Coordination of secondary circulation
41
When does the 4th stage (coordination of secondary circulation) of the sensorimotor period occur and what should we expect?
1. 8m-12m
2. Beginning on intellectual reasoning
- can look for missing toys
3. Anticipation of events
- understanding what bye bye means
4. Begin to associate symbols and events
- bye bye
42
What causes separation anxiety?
Beginning awareness that mother and self are separate beings
+
Developing object permanence
= separation anxiety
43
When does stranger anxiety occur?
6m-8m as a result of object permanence it can reemerge during toddler period
as the infant becomes attached to one person, they show less friendliness to others
44
How can we handle stranger anxiety and separation anxiety?
Talk softly, maintain good distance, avoid sudden movements, use traditional objects
45
During the toddler stage what theories will we see?
1. Erikson: autonomy vs. shame & doubt
2. Freud: anal stage
3. Piaget: Sensorimotor (stages 4/5)
46
What was Erikson's view behind Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt and when age span do we see this thoery?
Toddler stage
Erikson believed that toddlers developing a sense of control through a process of "holding on and letting go" AKA-- CLASH OF WILLS
example- food: like it one day, hate it the nxt
47
How can we promote autonomy within the hospital setting?
Giving children choices this also helps us to see where they are developmentally so that we can work with their strengths and weaknesses
48
What is the task and failure to resolve task within Erikson's theory of autonomy vs. shame and doubt?
Task: Autonomy, self control and will power
Failure to resolve task: Shame, doubt and poor tolerance of frustration
49
Negativism is associated to what theory?
Erikson's theory of autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
Toddlers are all about themselves... and want to be independent
They love to say no so no open-ended questions when needing to do procedure type stuff
50
Ritualism is part of Erikson's theory of autonomy vs. shame & doubt what should we keep in mind for that?
1. find out what rituals are like at home and try to keep sameness
51
True or false: Transitional objects are helpful when caring for a toddler?
True
52
What stage of Freuds theory do we see in toddlers?
Anal stage (1-3y)
53
What was Freuds beliefs behind the anal stage?
Major event during this age is potty training.
54
What are the physiological aspects of the anal stage?
Around 12-18 months myelinization of the spinal cord occurs. This must be complete before the toddler can control their bowel and bladder sphincters on their own.
55
What are the psychological aspects of the anal stage?
1.Willingness and want to please their parent. The autonomous behavior
2. Inpatient w/soiled diapers.. they start trying to communicate the need to go
3. Attempt to maintain rituals w/at home potty training schedules while inpatient.. Important to know that they may regress during stay
56
What are some signs of readiness to toilet train?
1. Walking up dry from a nap or overnight sleep
2. Being aware of the urge to void or stool
3. Communicating the need to go
4. Being dry for at least 2 hours during the day
57
What stages of Piagets theory do we see in toddlers?
Sensorimotor & preoperational
58
What are the last two stages of Piaget's sensorimotor period in toddlers?
Stage 5: Tertiary Circular reactions
Stage 6: Inventions of new means
59
When does the 5th stage (tertiary circular reactions) of the sensorimotor period happen and what should we expect?
1. 13-18m
2. Little scientists-- start becoming aware of casual relationships
3. They begin to test their environment
4. Cannot transfer knowledge to new situations
- think about the light switch story
5. Increasing ability to venture away from parent
6. Aware that things are behind closed doors
60
When does the 6th stage (Inventions of new means) start and what should we expect?
1. 19-24months
2. Imitation/domestic mimicry
3. Can use mental images to represent objects
4. Problem solving in their mind
- building on top of object permanence
5. some sense of timing but 1min still feels like forever
61
What was Piagets thoughts behind the preoperational period and when does it begin?
Begins at 2 and goes through age 7
Piaget believed that problem solving was based on what the child sees and hears. They think at a very primitive level and they have difficulty telling reality from fantasy.
- they may have a white dog at home so in their mind all dogs are small and white... but then go into public and see a brown dogs now they now that dogs can be brown and white... and then they continue to build off this
62
How is immature logic associated with Piaget's preoperational period?
It makes it difficult to tell reality from fantasy because of the toddlers poor understanding of body boundaries.. making them more easily scared.
63
What other characteristics are associated with Piaget's preoperational period seen in age groups of 2-7?
1. Egocentrism: some degree will remain with child from birth to death
2. Animism: Toddlers give life like qualities to inanimate objects
3. Magical thought: they begin to think that if they wished it said it was
4. Irreversibility: Toddlers in this stage do not understand that what is done can be undone. its very one way
5. Centration: Focuses on one aspect of a situation-- why we see temper tantrums
64
What theories might we see in the preschool-aged children (3-5ys)
Erikson: Initiative vs. Guilt
Freud: Phallic stage
Piaget: Preoperational stage
Kohlberg: Punishment & obedience/instrumental relativist
65
What Erikson theory is seen in preschool aged children?
Initiative vs. guilt
66
What was Eriksons beliefs behind initiative vs. guilt in preschool aged children?
They begin to live to the fullest, this is the stage of energetic learning however, they often start projects but never finish. Children become intrusive by taking the initiative, forming and carrying out goals. Kids in this stage are high energy driven.
67
What is the task and failure to resolve task in initiative vs. guilt in preschool aged children?
Task: Initiative, a sense of purpose, self confidence, and self direction
Failure to resolve task: The fear of punishment and guilt.
68
What stage of Freud's theory are preschool children experiencing?
Phallic Stage
69
What is the Phallic stage of Freud's theory?
Children recognize the differences between sexes
This is when we might see the Oedipus and Electra complexes
Where boys favor mom and girls favor dad...
Kids start to become more curious and might ask questions like where do babies come from...
70
During the preschool year what stage are children experiencing with Piaget's theories?
Preoperational period (2y- 7y)
71
When do we first see the preoperational period in Piaget's theories?
Toddler stage
72
Since preschool aged children remain in the preoperational stage of Piaget's theories what characteristics of this stage should we keep in mind?
1. Egocentrism
2. Animism
3. Magical thought
4. Irreversibility
5. Centration
6. Difficulty telling reality from fantasy
- immature logic- they have a fear of body mutilation , adult induced fear, other fears
73
Punishment & obedience orientation is a belongs to which therapist?
Kohlberg
74
At what age do children experience punishment & obedience orientation (kholberg)
2-4 years old
75
What was Kholbergs belief regarding punishment & obedience? (Preschool)
Action is considered good or bad depending on the outcome, regardless of the act.
76
Instrumental relativist orientation belongs to what theorist?
Kholberg
77
Which stages of Kholbergs theories do preschool children experience?
Punishment & obedience orientation
Instrumental relativist orientation
78
At what age do children experience instrumental relativist orientation?
between 4-7 years
79
What was kholbergs belief on instrumental relativist orientation?
1. Actions are directed towards satisfying ones needs and not the needs of others
2. A fair exchange is not based on loyalty, justice, or gratitude
3. What's in it for me mentality.
80
What theories might a school-aged child experience?
Erikson: industry vs. inferiority
Freud: latency
Piaget: preoperational to concrete
Kohlberg: Good boy, nice girl and Law and order
81
What age range is considered school-age children?
6 to puberty
82
What was Erikson's belief behind industry vs. inferiority?
Child desires real achievement, self esteem is tied to a sense of industry and their attitude towards work develops.
83
True or false: All children feel some degree of inferiority regarding skills they cannot master
True
84
What is the task and failure to resolve the task of industry vs. inferiority in Erikson's theory.
Task: Industry, competence, self-confidence
Failure to resolve: feeling of inferiority and fears that one cannot meet the expectations of others
85
What stage of Freud's theory do school-aged children experience?
Latency period
86
What was Freuds beliefs on the latency period experienced in school aged children?
Relationships center around same-sex partners
Time of tranquility "calm before the storm" before the time of adolescences
87
What energies are invested in the latency period of school aged children in Freuds theory?
1. building on existing skills
2. Acquiring knowledge
3. vigorous play
4. same sex friendships
88
What stages in Piaget are school aged children in?
Preoperational period ends (2-7) moving into...
Concrete operational period (7-11)
89
During the preoperational period in school aged children what is happening?
This stage ends at 7 years old... this stage shifts from a total egocentric thought to social awareness and the ability to consider other view points
we end up moving into the concrete operational period
90
What if Piaget's belief on the concrete operational period?
Begins age 7 and goes through age 11
This is when the child goes from an egocentric to objective mindset... and can now consider other people viewpoint.
91
What characteristics might you see during the concrete operational period experienced by school aged children
1. Classification and logic
- comes more easily, kids at this age are able to classify things and logically place them in order
2. Conservation
- Now have the ability to conserve which means they can understand irreversibility
92
What are some other behaviors that we might see in school aged children during the concrete operational period?
1.Adjustment to schools
- world expands from family to larger society
2. Humor
3. Skeptical
4. Learn parents are not infallible
5. Classification of logic and collecting items are big during this stage
93
What are the stages of Kohlberg's theory that we will see in school aged children?
Good boy- nice girl orientation (7y-10Y)
Law & Order Orientation (10Y-12Y)
94
What was Kohlberg's belief on good boy, nice girl orientation and at what age is this experienced?
Age 7-10
Children are living up to expectations-- good behaviors are what pleases others and approved by society. One earns approval by being nice. They just want to live up to expectations
At age 10
Understanding what may happen if they dont live up to those expectations and the consequences
95
What was Kohlberg's beliefs on law and order orientation and at what age is this experienced?
Age 10-12
Considers society as a whole when making judgements
Focus on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing ones duty and respecting authority
- kids start questioning rules as whats absolute, they start figuring out what they think of rules and what they belief is right and wrong.
- question morals
96
What theories will an adolescents encounter?
Erikson: Identity vs. role confusion
Freud: Genital stage
Piaget: Formal operational thought
Kohlberg: Principled moral reason/ethics
97
What age group is considered adolescents?
Puberty-20 Y
98
What is Erikson's beliefs on identity vs. role confusion in adolescences
It is when the child starts to figure out who they are and want to be. They start having
1. New emotions--> hormone driven
2. New thoughts
3. New sense of identity
- group identity
- individual identity
- sex role identity
Key to this phase is interaction with others/relationships
99
What is the task and failure to resolve task results of identity vs. role confusion in adolescences?
Task: Identify formation and sense of self as an individual
Failure to resolve the task: Role confusion, lowered self-esteem and poor self concept
100
According to Freuds theory what stage do adolescents experience
Genital stage
101
What is Freuds belief on the genital stage?
Maturation of reproductive system
energies invested in
1. forming friendships
2. preparing for marriage
102
What stage of Piaget theory do adolescents experience?
Formal operational thought
103
What is Piaget's belief on the formal operational thought in adolescents
Kids are able to consider abstract ideas, various possibilities and the future. They have a concept of self while they still have some egocentrism that are also more aware of others. They believe that everyone is watching them/judging them. They also believe that they are alone in thought/bad things wont happen to them
104
What stage of Kohlberg's theory do adolescents experience?
Principled Moral reasoning
105
What is Kohlberg's belief on principled moral reasoning?
1. Aware that others hold values and opinions
2. Values and rules are relative to the group of which they associate
3. Self-chosen ethical principles into adulthood (13Y)
