Unit 1 Topic 2 Flashcards by Daniel Park

What is the name of the functional unit of kidney?

Nephron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the main function of nephron?

To produce urine by filtering blood.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the name of the toxic substance that is produced when amino acids are metabolised in the body?

Ammonia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ammonia is converted into less toxic substance in the liver. What is it converted to?

Urea

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How is urea removed from our body?

Urea is excreted from the body in the form of urine.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Label the following part of the nephron and state its function.

Bowman’s capsule
Function: to receive the filtrate (the filtered blood) seeping out of the glomerulus.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Label the following part of the nephron and state its function.

Loop of Henle

Function:
Reabsorption of
Water and ions
(e.g. Sodium and Chloride ions, etc)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Label the following part of the nephron and state its function.

Proximal convoluted tubule.

Function:
Reabsorption of
Water, Ions (Sodium ion) and all organic nutrients (glucose, amino acid, etc.)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Label the following part of the nephron and state its function.

Distal convoluted tubule

Function:
Variable reabsorption of water and Na+

Secretion
Urea, drugs, potassium and hydrogen ions are actively secreted into convoluted tubules.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Label the following part of the nephron and state its function.

Collecting duct

Function:
Variable reabsorption of water and ions.

Secretion (active process)
Hydrogen ions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Label the following part of the nephron and state its function.

Glomerulus
The glomerulus is a cluster of small blood vessels (capillaries) where the filtration of blood occurs.

Due to a relatively higher blood pressure within the glomerulus, the fluid part of the blood (i.e. plasma) readily seeps through the tiny gaps in the walls of the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule.

Only small molecules (ions, glucose, amino acids, urea, etc) and water make up the filtrate.

Large substances found in the blood, such as blood cells and proteins, remain in the capillaries.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The top chambers of the mammalian heart are called?

Atria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The bottom chambers of the mammalian heart are called?

Ventricles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the name of the structure shown in the diagram? What is its function?

Tricuspid valve.
The tricuspid valve is a one-way valve that ensures blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle and prevents blood from flowing backward between those two chambers.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the name of the structure shown in the diagram? What is its function?

Mitral valve.
The mitral valve is a one-way valve that ensures blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle and prevents blood from flowing backward between those two chambers.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of blood vessel is this? Justify your choice.

Artery. Arteries take blood away from the heart.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of blood vessel is this? Justify your choice.

Artery. Arteries take blood away from the heart.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of blood vessel is this? Justify your choice.

Vein. Veins take blood towards the heart.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens to the composition of the blood as it passes through the lungs?

As the blood passes through the capillary vessels in the lungs, oxygen diffuses into the blood, making the blood oxygenated (= higher concentration of oxygen).

At the same time, carbon dioxide molecules diffuse out of the blood, so the carbon dioxide concentration decreases.

For more details on this topic, go to Unit 1 Topic 3 deck.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of blood vessel is this? Justify your choice.

Vein. Veins take blood towards the heart.

What type of blood vessel is this? Justify your choice.

Capillary. Capillaries connect arteries to veins.

Describe the lock and key model of enzyme-substrate interaction.

The lock and key model of enzyme-substrate interaction posits that each type of enzyme is unique in terms of the shape of its active site. As a result. an enzyme can only bind to certain substrates whose 3D shapes are specific and complementary to the enzyme’s active site.

Describe the induced fit model of enzyme-substrate interaction.

The induced fit model of enzyme-substrate interaction posits that the active site of an enzyme is flexible, not rigid. This means that the shape of the enzyme’s active site can change to better accommodate the shape of the substrate molecules. This allows for a greater range of substrates being able to bind to any given enzyme.

Anabolic chemical reactions involve?

Building complex molecules by joining small, simple molecules.

Requires energy input.

Memory hook:
ABCD
Anabolic Builds
Catabolic Destroys

Catabolic chemical reactions involve?

Breaking large, complex molecules into small, simple molecules. Releases energy into the surrounding. Memory hook: ABCD Anabolic Builds Catabolic Destroys

How does the temperature influence enzyme activity (= the rate of chemical reaction)?

As the temperature increases, the enzymes and substrates gain more kinetic energy and collide more frequently. This leads to an increase in the rate of reaction as enzyme-substrate complexes are forming faster, producing products more quickly. The enzyme activity peaks at the optimum temperature. It then starts to decline rapidly beyond the optimum temperature, as the shape of the enzyme's active site begins to denature (change), making it more difficult for it to bind to its substrate.

How does the pH influence enzyme activity (= the rate of chemical reaction)?

The enzyme activity peaks at the optimum pH. Different enzymes have different optimum pH values. As the pH changes from the optimum level (either increases or decreases), the enzyme activity starts to decline. This is due to the shape of the enzyme's active site denaturing (changing), making it more difficult for it to bind to its substrate.

How does the substrate concentration influence enzyme activity (= the rate of chemical reaction)?

As the substrate concentration increases, the enzyme activity also increases as more substrate molecules are available to bind to enzymes (via active site). However, the enzyme activity eventually reaches a plateau, as all enzymes are fully occupied (= saturated).

How does the enzyme concentration influence enzyme activity (= the rate of chemical reaction)??

As the enzyme concentration increases, the enzyme activity also increases as more enzyme molecules are available to bind to substrate molecules (via active site). However, the enzyme activity eventually reaches a plateau, as substrates begin to become limited.

The diagram below shows which type of enzyme inhibition?

Competitive inhibition

The diagram below shows which type of enzyme inhibition?

Non-competitive inhibition

State the four main classes of biomacromolecules.

Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Nucleic acid

Which class of biomacromolecule is shown in the diagram?

Lipid

Which class of biomacromolecule is shown in the diagram?

Carbohydrate

Which class of biomacromolecule is shown in the diagram?

Nucleic acid

Which class of biomacromolecule is shown in the diagram?

Protein

Which group of digestive enzymes breaks down carbohydrate?

Carbohydrase

Which group of digestive enzymes breaks down proteins?

Protease

Which group of digestive enzymes breaks down lipids?

Lipase

Mechanical digestion involves

breaking food into smaller pieces. This process increases surface area available for efficient chemical digestion of the food molecules.

Chemical digestion involves

specific digestive enzymes breaking down food molecules into their building blocks.

Which digestive enzyme is released into the mouth?

Salivary amylase. It breaks down starch into maltose (simpler sugar molecules).

Provide some examples of mechanical digestion (in humans).

Chewing with teeth. Churning of the stomach.

Provide some examples of chemical digestion (in humans).

digestive enzymes breaking down different groups of food into their building blocks. See the table below for more details.

What is the main role of the liver in the digestive system?

To produce bile (or bile salts) to help physically break down fat into smaller fat droplets. This increases the surface area available for chemical digestion of fats.

What is the main role of the pancreas in the digestive system?

To produce various digestive enzymes, which are then released into the first part of the small intestine (Duodenum) for chemical digestion of all three major food groups: carbohydrates, lipids (= fats), and proteins.

Describes how the ingested food moves along the entire length of the digestive tract.

Peristalsis - a series of muscular contractions to help move the ingested food along the digestive tract.

Which digestive enzyme is released into the stomach and what does this enzyme break down?

Pepsin. It breaks down proteins into peptides (short chains of amino acids).