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QCE Bio > Unit 1 Topic 3 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Topic 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the name of the chemical molecule that is involved in energy transfer in cells? (prompt: what is required to power active transport?)

A

ATP

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2
Q

ATP stands for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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3
Q

ATP is composed of?

A

Ribose sugar, Adenine base, 3 phosphate groups.

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4
Q

How does ATP provide energy to power cellular processes?

A

By breaking the chemical bond between the second and third phosphate group, which releases the energy stored in the chemical bond into the surrounding, powering any cellular processes in the vicinity.

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5
Q

Which type of cellular respiration require oxygen molecules?

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

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6
Q

Which type of cellular respiration doesn’t require oxygen molecules?

A

Anaerobic cellular respiration

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7
Q

What is the balanced chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration?

A
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8
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

36-38 ATP molecules per glucose.

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9
Q

What are the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis -> Krebs cycle -> Electron transport chain

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10
Q

In which part of the cell does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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11
Q

In which part of the cell does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytoplasm (or cytosol).

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12
Q

In which part of the cell does electron transport chain take place?

A

Along the inner mitochondrial membrane

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13
Q

What are the inputs of glycolysis? (mention all the coenzymes as well)

A

1 glucose, 2 NAD+, 2 ADP and 2 Pi (inorganic phosphate group)

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14
Q

What are the outputs of glycolysis? (mention all the coenzymes as well).

A

2 pyruvates, 2 NADH and 2 ATP.

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15
Q

What are coenzymes? Give some examples.

A

Coenzymes are non-protein molecules that assist with enzyme function. Without these, some enzymes cannot catalyse chemical reactions.

Examples. ADP/ATP, NAD+/NADH, FAD/FADH2

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16
Q

Carbon dioxide molecules are produced as waste products in which part of the cell?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix.

6 CO2 molecules are produced per glucose overall.

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17
Q

Water molecules are produced as waste products in which stage of the aerobic cellular respiration?

A

During the electron transport chain stage (within the mitochondria, along the inner membrane)

6 water molecules are produced (per glucose).

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18
Q

What is the first stage of anaerobic cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis (occurs in the cytosol/cytoplasm).

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19
Q

What is the second stage of anaerobic cellular respiration called?

A

Fermentation pathway (occurs in the cytosol/cytoplasm).

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20
Q

In animal cells, what are the outputs of anaerobic cellular respiration?

A

lactic acid and NAD+

For every glucose, 2 Lactic acid molecules and 2 NAD+ molecules.

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21
Q

In plant and fungal cells, what are the outputs of anaerobic cellular respiration?

A

ethanol, carbon dioxide and NAD+

For every glucose,2 ethanol, 2 Carbon dioxide and 2 NAD+.

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22
Q

Compare aerobic cellular respiration with anaerobic cellular respiration.

A

Aerobic cellular respiration is more efficient than anaerobic cellular respiration. (36-38 ATP per glucose vs only 2ATP per glucose).

Aerobic cellular respiration is a slow process, whereas anaerobic cellular respiration is a rapid process.

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23
Q

What is the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Two possible answers.

24
Q

What makes palisade cells well-suited to carry out photosynthesis in the leaves of a plant?

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A

Palisade cells contain lots of chloroplasts, and they are located near the top end of leaves where they can readily absorb the sunlight.

25
Xylem consists of living cells or dead cells?
dead cells.
26
Phloem consists of living cells or dead cells?
living cells, but these cells lack many important membrane bound organelles such as nucleus and mitochondria. As a result, these cells need to be supported by other cells nearby (e.g. companion cells).
27
Xylem transports ___________________.
water and ions from the root to the leaves.
28
Phloem transports _________________.
nutrients (e.g. glucose, amino acids, lipids) from the leaves to the root and vice versa.
29
The diagram shows which type of vascular tissue in plants?
Phloem
30
The diagram shows which type of vascular tissue in plants?
Xylem
31
There are two main types of vascular tissues in plants. These are?
Xylem and Phloem
32
What is the direction of the flow within xylem vessels?
One direction (from the root to the leaves)
33
What is the direction of the flow within phloem vessels?
Bi-directional (from the root to the leaves or from the leaves to the root).
34
The following structure found in phloem is called?
Sieve plate (or end wall)
35
The following structures found next to the phloem vessel are called?
Companion cells Companion cells contain various organelles to support the cells that make up the phloem vessel.
36
what are the inputs and outs of light dependent stage of photosynthesis?
Inputs: Water and unloaded coenzymes (NADP+ and ADP + Pi) Outputs: Oxygen (waste product) and loaded coenzymes (NADPH and ATP).
37
Light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs in which part of the chloroplast?
Grana or Thylakoid membrane.
38
What are the inputs and outputs of light independent stage of photosynthesis?
Inputs: Carbon dioxide and loaded coenzymes from light dependent stage (e.g. ATP and NADPH) Outputs: Glucose and unloaded coenzymes (ADP + Pi, NADP+)
39
Light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in which part of the chloroplast?
Stroma | The fluid-filled space enclosed by the inner membrane of the chloroplast
40
What is the name of the microscopic air holes found in the lower epidermal layer of the leaves?
Stomata (plural) Stoma (singular)
41
A stoma consists of?
A pair of guard cells.
42
How does xylem transport water up from the root to the leaves without any energy input?
Capillary action moves water up narrow tubes, such as xylem tubes in plants. Capillary action occurs due to the cohesive force of attraction between water molecules and the adhesive force of attraction between water molecules and the molecules in the walls of the tube.
43
How does phloem transport nutrients from the root to the leaves or from the leaves to the root?
by exploiting osmotic potential differences between source and sink regions. The part of the phloem near a source region will have higher solute (nutrients) concentration than that of the phloem near a sink region. Due to this differerence in solute concentrations, water will flow in a way that directs the nutrients towards the source to the sink.
44
Describe the process involved in the opening of stoma.
Using the active transport, guard cells pump ions from the outside of the cells into the cells' cytoplasm. This makes the cytoplasm highly concentrated compared to the outside of the cells. As a result, water moves into the cells via osmosis, making the cells turgid. This then leads to the opening of the stoma.
45
Describe the process involved in the closing of stoma.
Using the facilitated diffusion, ions diffuse from the inside of the guard cells to the outside of the cells (from high to low). As a result, water moves out of the cells via osmosis, making the cells flaccid. This then leads to the closing of the stoma.
46
What substances are exchanged between the leaves and the air via stomata?
Water vapour, Carbon dioxide and Oxygen.
47
This diagram represents which type of transport process in plants?
Transpiration - the passive movement of water from the root to the leaves. 99% of absorbed water is lost to the air due to evaporation. This could potentially pose an issue for the plants as they are constantly losing water to the environment during the day.
48
This diagram represents which type of transport process in plants?
Translocation - the movement of nutrients from the source (leaves) to the sink (the root). This occurs due to osmotic potential difference between the sink and source regions. (the source region has more nutrients than the sink region).
49
When do plants open their stomata?
Most plants open their stomata during the day to allow the exchange of gases between the leaves and the air. | CO2 diffuse into the leaves and O2 diffuse out of the leaves.
50
Why do plants close their stomata during the night?
Given that no photosynthesis can take place in the dark, plants don't require CO2 from the air. As a result, most plants close their stomata at night to minimise water loss (due to evaporation).
51
Define autotroph
organisms that can make their own "food" using a process such as photosynthesis. examples: plants
52
Define heterotroph
organisms that cannot make their own "food", so they get their nutrients by consuming other organisms. examples: animals
53
During the day, which type of gas will diffuse into the leaves from the atmosphere?
Carbon dioxide as it is getting used up by the cells in the leaves (e.g. palisade cells) during photosynthesis, so there is lower concentration of carbon dioxide inside the leaves than in the atomosphere.
54
During the day, which types of gas will diffuse out of the leaves?
Oxygen and Water vapour Oxygen is constantly produced by the photosynthetic cells in the leaves during the day, so there is high concentration of oxygen inside the leaves compared to the air outside of the leaves. Oxygen diffuses out of the leaves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
55
On a windy day, would the rate of transpiration higher or lower?
Higher, as the evaporation of water occurs more quickly. Analogy: Clothes dry more quickly on a windy day because of the higher rate of evaporation. Similarly, plants lose water more quickly on a windy day due to the increased rate of evaporation.
56
If the humidity of air increases, what would happen to the rate of transpiration?
decreases, as the evaporation of water occurs more slowly. Analogy: Clothes dry more slowly on a humid day due to the lower rate of evaporation. Similarly, plants lose water more slowly due to the reduced rate of transpiration in humid conditions.

QCE Bio (5 decks)

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