Unit 1 Triangles & Deep Structures of the Neck Flashcards
1
Q
What is the anterior boundary of the posterior triangle?
A
Posterior border of the SCM
2
Q
What is the posterior boundary of the posterior triangle?
A
Anterior border of the trapezius
3
Q
What is the inferior boundary of the posterior triangle?
A
Superior border of the middle third of the clavicle
4
Q
What is the superior boundary of the anterior triangle?
A
Inferior border of the mandible
5
Q
What is the anterior boundary of the anterior triangle?
A
Anterior midline
6
Q
What is the posterior boundary of the anterior triangle?
A
Anterior border of the SCM
7
Q
Where is the apex of the anterior triangle located?
A
Inferiorly at the jugular notch
8
Q
What is the roof of the anterior triangle formed by?
A
The investing layer of the deep cervical fascia, the superficial cervical fascia, and the platysma
9
Q
What are the four subdivisions of the anterior triangle?
A
Submental, submandibular, carotid, and muscular triangles
10
Q
Which subdivision of the anterior triangle is unpaired?
A
Submental
11
Q
What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?
A
The left and right anterior bellies of digastric and the body of the hyoid bone
12
Q
What makes up the floor of the submental triangle?
A
Mylohyoid muscle
13
Q
What are the contents of the submental triangle?
A
Minor veins and lymph nodes
14
Q
Which subdivision of the anterior triangle must be palpated carefully due to its vital structures?
A
Submandibular triangle
15
Q
What are the boundaries of the submandibular (digastric) triangle?
A
Inferior border of the mandible, anterior belly of digastric, and posterior belly of digastric
16
Q
What makes up the floor of the submandibular triangle?
A
Mylohyoid and hyoglossus muscles
17
Q
What are the contents of the submandibular triangle?
A
Submandibular gland, internal carotid artery, facial artery, internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve
18
Q
In what triangle does the common carotid artery bifurcate?
A
Carotid
19
Q
What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?
A
Posterior belly of digastric, superior belly of omohyoid, and the anterior border of SCM
20
Q
What makes up the floor of the carotid triangle?
A
Portions of the thyrohyoid, hyoglossus, and inferior and middle constrictor muscles
21
Q
What are the contents of the carotid triangle?
A
Parts of the common and internal carotid arteries the external carotid artery and three of its branches: the superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, and facial artery
22
Q
What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?
A
Superior belly of omohyoid, anterior midline of the neck, and the anterior border of SCM
23
Q
What makes up the floor of the muscular triangle?
A
Posterior layer of pretracheal fascia
24
Q
What are the contents of the muscular triangle?
A
Sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles, thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus
25
What is the hyoid bone located?
Between the mandible and larynx
26
What is the forensic significance of the hyoid bone?
Often broken in cases of strangulation
27
What part of the hyoid bone is the attachment site for the stylohyoid ligament?
Lesser horn
28
What are the four infrahyoid muscles?
Omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and thyrohyoid
29
What two infrahyoid muscles make up the superficial layer?
Omohyoid and sternohyoid
30
What two infrahyoid muscles make up the deep layer?
Sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
31
What is the origin of omohyoid?
Inferior belly of omohyoid originates from the upper border of the scapula. It ends in an intermediate tendon located deep to the SCM. The superior belly of omohyoid extends upward from this tendon
32
What is the insertion of omohyoid?
Body of the hyoid
33
What is the innervation of omohyoid?
Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)
34
What is the function of omohyoid?
Depresses the hyoid bone and larynx
35
What is the origin of sternohyoid?
Posterior surface of the manubrium and the medial end of the clavicle
36
What is the insertion of sternohyoid?
Body of the hyoid bone
37
What is the innervation of sternohyoid?
Ansa cervicalis
38
What is the function of sternohyoid?
Depresses the hyoid bone and larynx
39
What is the origin of sternothyroid?
Posterior surface of the manubrium, inferior to the origin of the sterohyoid
40
What is the insertion of sternothyroid?
Oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage
41
What is the innervation of sternothyroid?
Ansa cervicalis
42
What is the function of sternothyroid?
Depresses the larynx
43
What is the origin of thyrohyoid?
Oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage
44
What is the insertion of thyrohyoid?
Body of the hyoid bone
45
What is the innervation of thyrohyoid?
C1 through hypoglossal nerve
46
What is the function of thyrohyoid?
Depresses the hyoid bone
47
Why else do we need all these muscles to depress the hyoid bone and larynx (infrahyoid muscles)?
Swallowing, speech, breathing
48
If the hyoid bone is fixed, how is the mouth opened?
Digastric depressed the mandible
49
What are the four subdivisions of the deep cervical fascia of the neck?
Investing layer, pretracheal, prevertebral, and carotid sheath
50
Which subdivision of the deep cervical fascia encloses the SCM and trapezius?
Investing layer
51
What subdivision of the deep cervical fascia encloses the thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus?
Pretracheal
52
What subdivision of the deep cervical fascia encloses the vertebral column and the deep muscles of the back?
Prevertebral fascia
53
What does the carotid sheath enclose?
Common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, and deep cervical lymph nodes
54
What is the function of the fascial layers of the neck?
To provide a slippery surface to reduce friction during gross movements of the head and neck and swallowing
55
What can happen to the fascial layers of the neck leading to neck pain?
Adhesion of the layers (myofacial release helps with this)
56
What is the clinical significance of the fascial layers of the neck?
May serve as a channel for infection, cancer of the deep cervical lymph nodes can compress the internal jugular vein (ICP)
57
Infection in the pretracheal fascia can travel where?
To the mediastinum
58
What is the superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)?
Opening through which structures of the neck pass into the thorax
59
What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?
First thoracic vertebra, first ribs and their cartilages, manubrium of sternum
60
What is the shape of the superior thoracic aperture?
Reniform
61
What major arteries pass through the superior thoracic aperture?
Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, internal thoracic artery
62
What vein passes through the superior thoracic aperture?
Brachiocephalic
63
What nerves pass through the superior thoracic aperture?
Phrenic, vagus, and recurrent laryngeal nerves, sympathetic trunk
64
What viscera passes through the superior thoracic aperture?
Trachea, esophagus, cervical pleura, apex of lung, thymus
65
Because the apex of the lung is within the superior thoracic inlet, what can occur when a broken first rib or penetrating wound to the neck?
Atelectasis (lung collapse)
66
The thymus is a part of what body system?
Immune
67
What does the thymus produce?
T-lymphocytes
68
What happens to the thymus gradually after puberty?
Involutes (thus a reduced immune response with age)
69
Where is the thymus located?
Behind the manubrium and body of sternum
70
What muscles lie anterior to the thymus and thyoid glands?
Sternothyroid and sternohyoid
71
The thymus is inferior to which gland?
Thyroid
72
What is the blood supply of the thymus gland?
Internal thoracic artery
73
What is the innervation for the thymus gland?
Stellate ganglion of sympathetic trunk and vagus
74
What does thyroid mean in Greek?
Shield-shaped
75
What types of organ is the thyroid gland?
Endocrine
76
What does the thyroid gland produce?
Thyroxine and calcitonin
77
Which substance made in the thyroid gland is mainly active in children?
Calcitonin
78
At what vertebral level does the thyroid gland lie?
C5-T1
79
What is the typical shape of the thyroid gland?
H or U-shaped
80
How could one live without the thyroid gland?
Thyroxine tablets
81
Secretions from the thyroid gland enter what to carry out its endocrine function?
Bloodstream
82
What connects the right and lefts lobes of the thyroid gland?
Isthmus
83
About what percent of thyroid glands also have a pyramidal lobe?
50
84
What is a common muscular variation involving the thyroid gland?
Levator glandulae thyroideae connecting the isthmus with the hyoid bone
85
What is the innervation of levator glandulae thyroideae?
Ansa cervicalis
86
Which gland of the neck is known for being highly vascular?
Thyroid
87
What two arteries are associated with the thyroid gland?
Superior and inferior thyroid arteries
88
The superior thyroid artery is a branch from where?
External carotid
89
The inferior thyroid artery is a branch from where?
Thyrocervical trunk
90
What artery to the thyroid gland from the brachiocephalic trunk is an anatomical variation found in only 10% of the population?
Thyroid ima artery
91
What is significant about the thyroid ima artery?
May be damaged during a tracheotomy
92
What are the veins associated with the thyroid gland?
Superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins
93
Where does the superior thyroid vein drain into?
Internal jugular
94
Where does the middle thyroid vein drain into?
Internal jugular
95
Where does the inferior thyroid vein drain into?
Brachiocephalic
96
What is the innervation of the thyroid gland?
Superior, middle, and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia
97
What is the clinical term for an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that produces swelling in the anterior neck?
Goiter
98
What type of goiter is due to dietary deficiency of iodine which is needed to make thyroxine?
Endemic
99
In what type of goiter does the thyroid gland enlarge to increase output but the hormone is largely inactive?
Thyroid
100
Feeling cold, moon face, and weight gain (symptoms of hypothyroidism) are associated with which type of goiter?
Endemic
101
What type of goiter is typically present among vegetarians?
Endemic
102
What type of goiter is due to an autoimmune disease?
Exophtalmic
103
What type of goiter is more prevalent among females?
Exophtalmic
104
In what type of goiter do thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins bind to the receptor site causing overactivity of the gland?
Exophtalmic
105
With what type of goiter is the hormone ACTIVE?
Exophtalmic
106
What type of goiter shows signs of hyperthyroidism (Grave's disease)?
Exophtalmic
107
What is the most important nerve of the neck?
Recurrent laryngeal
108
What nerve lies first on the posterior surface of the thyroid lobe then deep to it?
Recurrent laryngeal
109
What glands are essential for life due to its role in calcium regulation?
Parathyroid
110
What type of glands (functionally) are the parathyroids?
Endocrine
111
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Posterior surface of the thyroid gland
112
How many parathyroid glands are there usually?
4 (could be from 2-6, however)
113
What arteries supply the parathyroid glands?
Inferior and superior thyroid arteries
114
What is the innervation for the parathyroid glands?
Inferior or middle cervical sympathetic ganglia
115
What three things make thyroid surgery quite difficult?
Presence of parathyroid glands, highly vascular, Presence of recurrent laryngeal nerve
116
What can be an alternative to thyroid surgery?
Radioactive iodine
117
What is the lay term for the trachea?
Windpipe
118
At what vertebral level does the trachea begin?
C6 (same as pharynx)
119
What supports the tracheal walls?
Cartilaginous rings opened posteriorly
120
Why is it important that the rings be made of cartilage and not bone?
Movement necessary for breathing
121
What smooth muscle spans the posterior opening of the cartilaginous rings of the trachea?
Trachealis
122
What is the blood supply to the trachea?
Inferior thyroid artery
123
What is the innervation of the trachea?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
124
What else does the opening of the trachea allow?
Expansion of the esophagus posteriorly during swallowing
125
What two things does the esophagus connect?
Pharynx and stomach
126
At what vertebral level does the esophagus begin?
C6
127
Where is the esophagus located?
Posterior to the trachea
128
Which branch of the common carotid artery lies more anterior?
External carotid
129
What branch of the common carotid artery lies more posterior?
Internal carotid
130
Which branch of the common carotid artery is accompanied by numerous branches?
External
131
Which branch of the common carotid artery enters the skull through the carotid canal to supply blood to the brain?
Internal carotid
132
Which branch of the common carotid artery is the main source of blood to the structures of the neck, face, and scalp?
External carotid
133
What are the eight branches of the external carotid artery?
Superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, superficial temporal, and maxillary arteries
134
Which branches of the external carotid artery represent the terminal branches of the external carotid artery?
Superficial temporal and maxillary
135
What is the slight dilation of the internal carotid artery where it joins the common carotid artery typically called?
Carotid sinus
136
What is the innervation of the carotid sinus?
Carotid sinus nerve (branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve)
137
What is the function of the carotid sinus?
Acts as a baroreceptor to detect blood pressure and adjust heart rate accordingly (increase BP = decrease HR)
138
What is the small reddish-brown mass located within or deep to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery?
Carotid body
139
What is the function of the carotid body?
Acts as a chemoreceptor to detect changes in the chemical makeup of the blood within the carotid (ex: decrease or increase of CO2 leads to increase rate of ventilation)
140
What is the innervation of the carotid body?
Carotid sinus branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
141
What is usually the largest vein of the neck?
Internal jugular
142
Where does the internal jugular vein drain?
Brachiocephalic
143
What is the superior jugular bulb?
Dilation of the internal jugular vein at its origin below the jugular foramen
144
Where does the internal jugular vein begin?
Jugular foramen (continuation of the sigmoid sinus)
145
What are the tributaries of the internal jugular vein?
Inferior petrosal sinus, pharyngeal veins, facial, lingual, superior and middle thyroid veins
146
The internal jugular vein lies deep to which muscle?
SCM
147
What is the inferior jugular bulb?
Dilation of the internal jugular vein near its termination into the brachiocephalic vein
