UNIT 10 DRUGS AND ALCOHOL Flashcards
(286 cards)
1
Q
What is a drug?
A
Any chemical other than food that is intended to affect the structure or function of the body
This definition encompasses a wide range of substances, including legal and illegal drugs.
2
Q
Define psychoactive drug.
A
Acts on the nervous system and alters a person’s experience or consciousness
Examples include alcohol, caffeine, and illicit drugs.
3
Q
What does intoxication refer to?
A
A state of being mentally affected (literally poisoned) by a substance
This state can impair judgment, coordination, and other cognitive functions.
4
Q
What is addictive behaviour?
A
Any habit that becomes out of control resulting in negative health effects
This can include behaviors related to substance use or other compulsive activities.
5
Q
How is addiction defined?
A
A chronic disease that disrupts the brain’s reward system, characterized by compulsive need and desire to consume
Addiction can lead to physical and psychological dependence on substances.
6
Q
What is reinforcement in the context of addiction?
A
The process by which a behavior is strengthened or increased due to its positive outcomes
Reinforcement can make it more likely that the behavior will occur again.
7
Q
Define compulsion or craving as a characteristic of addiction.
A
An overwhelming urge to engage in a behavior or consume a substance, often despite negative consequences
Cravings can be triggered by various cues, including environmental stimuli.
8
Q
What does loss of control mean in addiction?
A
The inability to limit or manage one’s behavior or substance use despite a desire to do so
This can lead to continued use even when it is harmful.
9
Q
What is meant by escalation in addiction?
A
The tendency for individuals to increase the amount or frequency of substance use or behavior over time
This often leads to a higher risk of negative outcomes.
10
Q
What are negative consequences in the context of addiction?
A
Adverse effects resulting from addictive behaviors or substance use, impacting physical health, relationships, and overall well-being
Examples include health issues, financial problems, and social isolation.
11
Q
What is substance use disorder?
A
A condition characterized by an individual’s inability to stop using a substance despite harmful consequences.
This includes addiction to drugs or alcohol.
12
Q
What is gambling disorder?
A
A behavioral addiction involving the compulsive urge to gamble despite negative outcomes.
It can lead to severe financial and personal issues.
13
Q
What is social media disorder?
A
A condition where individuals compulsively use social media platforms, negatively impacting their daily lives.
Symptoms may include neglecting responsibilities and relationships.
14
Q
What is gaming disorder?
A
A pattern of excessive or compulsive gaming that interferes with daily life.
Recognized by symptoms such as withdrawal and loss of interest in other activities.
15
Q
What is compulsive buying or shopping?
A
An addiction characterized by an uncontrollable urge to shop or buy items, often leading to financial problems.
This behavior is driven by emotional triggers rather than need.
16
Q
What is work addiction?
A
A condition where an individual feels compelled to work excessively, often at the expense of personal relationships and health.
It can lead to burnout and stress-related health issues.
17
Q
What is compulsive exercise?
A
An addiction to physical activity that leads to excessive exercise, often resulting in injury or health problems.
It is frequently driven by a desire for control or body image issues.
18
Q
What is sex addiction?
A
A behavioral addiction characterized by compulsive sexual thoughts and actions that disrupt daily life.
This can include a range of behaviors from excessive pornography use to risky sexual practices.
19
Q
What is the route of administration that involves breathing in medication?
A
Inhalation
Inhalation is often used for respiratory conditions.
20
Q
What is the method of administering medication under the skin?
A
Subcutaneous injection
This method is commonly used for insulin and vaccines.
21
Q
What is the term for taking medication by mouth?
A
Oral dosage
Oral dosage is one of the most common routes of administration.
22
Q
What is the route of administration that delivers medication directly into the bloodstream?
A
Intravenous injection
This method allows for rapid delivery of medication.
23
Q
What is the method of administering medication into a muscle?
A
Intramuscular injection
This route is often used for vaccines and hormones.
24
Q
What is inhalation in the context of drug administration?
A
A method of delivering drugs through the respiratory system
25
What is injection in drug administration?
A method that involves delivering drugs directly into the body via a syringe
26
What does the concentration of a drug refer to?
The amount of drug present in a specific volume of fluid in the brain
27
What is snorting/snuffing?
A method of drug administration involving inhaling powdered drugs through the nose
28
What is ingestion in drug administration?
The process of taking drugs orally
29
What does time after drug administration refer to?
The duration since the drug was administered until its effects are observed
30
What is more likely to cause dependence when administering drugs?
Injecting or smoking drugs
## Footnote
This is due to factors such as strong stimulus-response pairing and quicker wear-off times.
31
Why do users who inject or smoke drugs take more frequent doses?
Because the effects wear off more quickly
## Footnote
This leads to a cycle of increased usage.
32
What are the risks associated with injecting drugs?
Increased transmission of infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV
## Footnote
This is due to shared needles and other unsafe practices.
33
What health issue can smoking drugs cause?
Damage to the air passages
## Footnote
This can lead to respiratory problems and other related health issues.
34
True or False: Smoking drugs is less likely to cause dependence compared to injecting them.
False
## Footnote
Both methods are likely to cause dependence, but injecting may have a stronger effect.
35
What changes occur in brain chemistry due to drug use?
Altered effects of neurotransmitters
36
Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected by drugs that increase pleasure?
Dopamine
37
Name three substances that affect dopamine levels.
* Nicotine
* Cocaine
* Alcohol
* Heroin
* Amphetamines
38
True or False: Cocaine enhances dopamine levels by facilitating its reuptake.
False
39
Fill in the blank: Cocaine blocks the removal of _______ from a synapse.
dopamine
40
What is the result of cocaine blocking dopamine reuptake?
Continuous stimulation of the receiving neurons
41
In the context of cocaine use, what happens to dopamine at the synapse?
Buildup of dopamine
42
What is the role of the transmitting neuron in normal dopamine reuptake?
Controls the amount of dopamine at a synapse
43
What are pharmacological properties?
Characteristics of a drug, such as its composition
## Footnote
Pharmacological properties determine how a drug interacts with biological systems.
44
Define dose-response function.
The relationship between the dose of a drug and the intensity of its effects
## Footnote
This concept helps understand how varying doses can lead to different effects.
45
What does the time-action function refer to?
The relationship between the time a drug is administered and the onset of its effects
## Footnote
It includes aspects such as lag time before effects are felt.
46
How does drug use history influence drug effects?
Prior experience with a drug, such as whether it is a first-time use
## Footnote
Previous use can affect tolerance and response to the drug.
47
What is the significance of the route of administration?
The method through which a drug is delivered, such as oral or injection
## Footnote
Different routes can alter the drug's absorption and effect onset.
48
Name a physical factor that influences drug effects.
Weight
## Footnote
Body weight can affect the distribution and metabolism of drugs.
49
What psychological factor can influence drug effects?
The setting in which the drug is used
## Footnote
The environment can impact the user's experience and perception of the drug's effects.
50
What are CNS stimulants?
CNS stimulants speed up the activity of the nervous and/or muscular system
## Footnote
CNS stands for central nervous system.
51
Name three examples of CNS stimulants.
* Caffeine
* Nicotine
* Cocaine
## Footnote
Other examples include amphetamines, ecstasy, and Ritalin.
52
Fill in the blank: _______ is a CNS stimulant commonly found in coffee.
Caffeine
53
True or False: Ritalin is classified as a CNS stimulant.
True
54
List two illegal CNS stimulants.
* Cocaine
* Ecstasy
## Footnote
These substances are often associated with recreational use.
55
What effect do CNS stimulants have on the muscular system?
They speed up the activity of the muscular system
## Footnote
This can lead to increased physical performance or agitation.
56
Fill in the blank: _______ is a stimulant often used to treat ADHD.
Ritalin
57
Name a stimulant that is also a common tobacco product.
Nicotine
58
What category do amphetamines fall under?
CNS stimulants
## Footnote
Amphetamines are often prescribed for ADHD and narcolepsy.
59
What is the most popular psychoactive drug?
Caffeine
## Footnote
Caffeine is widely consumed in various forms like coffee, tea, cocoa, and energy drinks.
60
List three common sources of caffeine.
* Coffee
* Tea
* Energy drinks
## Footnote
Cocoa is also a common source of caffeine.
61
What are the effects of caffeine at low doses?
Relatively harmless mild stimulant effects
## Footnote
Low doses can enhance alertness and concentration.
62
What can excessive consumption of caffeine cause?
* Shaking
* Difficulty concentrating
* Insomnia
* Irregular heartbeat
## Footnote
These effects vary by individual tolerance and sensitivity.
63
What symptoms can caffeine withdrawal cause?
* Irritability
* Drowsiness
* Headaches
## Footnote
Withdrawal symptoms can vary in intensity and duration.
64
What type of drug is nicotine?
Stimulant drug
## Footnote
Found in cigarettes and e-cigs
65
What is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death?
Tobacco use
## Footnote
Includes smoking and other forms of tobacco consumption
66
Smoking is strongly associated with which two major health issues?
* Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
* Lung cancer
67
What do carcinogens in cigarette smoke damage?
DNA
## Footnote
Carcinogens are substances that can lead to cancer
68
What are some health complications caused by chronic smoking?
* Bronchitis
* Emphysema
* Reproductive complications
69
If a person quits smoking before what age, can their health become close to that of a non-smoker?
Age 30
70
What happens within 20 minutes of quitting smoking?
* Stop polluting the air
* Blood pressure drops to normal
* Pulse rate drops to normal
* Temperature of hands and feet increases to normal
71
After how many hours does the carbon monoxide level in blood drop to normal after quitting smoking?
8 hours
72
What significant health benefit occurs 24 hours after quitting smoking?
The chance of heart attack decreases
73
What begins to happen to nerve endings 48 hours after quitting smoking?
Start regrowing
74
What improvements occur between 2 weeks to 3 months after quitting smoking?
* Circulation improves
* Walking becomes easier
* Lung function increases up to 30 percent
75
What decreases within 1 to 9 months of quitting smoking?
* Coughing
* Sinus congestion
* Fatigue
* Shortness of breath
76
What is the risk of heart disease death 1 year after quitting smoking compared to a smoker?
Half that of a smoker
77
What happens to stroke risk 5 years after quitting smoking?
Drops nearly to the risk for non-smokers
78
How much does lung cancer death risk drop 10 years after quitting smoking?
To 50 percent of that of a continuing smoker
79
What other types of cancer incidence decreases 10 years after quitting smoking?
* Mouth
* Throat
* Larynx
* Esophagus
* Bladder
* Kidney
* Pancreas
80
What is the lung cancer risk 15 years after quitting smoking?
About 25 percent of that of continuing smokers
81
What risks become close to those for non-smokers 15 years after quitting smoking?
* Risks of heart disease
* Risks of death
82
What components do e-cigarettes typically use?
A mouthpiece, heating element, battery, and liquid
## Footnote
These components work together to vaporize the liquid for inhalation.
83
Are e-cigarettes known to be safer than traditional cigarettes?
Not yet known to be safer
## Footnote
Research is ongoing to determine the safety of e-cigarettes compared to traditional smoking.
84
What harmful substances may be present in e-cigarette vapor?
Harmful chemicals or unsafe levels of nicotine
## Footnote
Despite being marketed as safer alternatives, e-cigarettes can still pose health risks.
85
Can e-cigarettes assist in quitting smoking?
Yes, may help with quitting smoking
## Footnote
However, they may also perpetuate addiction to nicotine.
86
What is the WHO's stance on e-cigarette use?
Does not recommend use until studies determine safety
## Footnote
The World Health Organization advises caution due to insufficient evidence on safety.
87
True or False: E-cigarettes are completely free of harmful substances.
False
## Footnote
E-cigarettes may still contain harmful chemicals despite being different from traditional cigarettes.
88
Fill in the blank: E-cigarettes may help with quitting smoking, but they may also _______.
perpetuate addiction
## Footnote
This indicates a potential negative aspect of using e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool.
89
What chemical does nicotine stimulate the brain to release that alters mood?
Chemicals that affect mood
## Footnote
These chemicals include neurotransmitters like dopamine.
90
What physical effects do tars and toxins from smoking have on the body?
Irritate mucous membranes and dull taste buds
## Footnote
This can lead to decreased sensitivity to flavors.
91
How does nicotine affect blood vessels?
Constricts blood vessels, especially in skin
## Footnote
This can lead to reduced blood flow and skin health issues.
92
What is the impact of smoking on mucus production and lung health?
Increases mucus production and damages cilia in bronchial tubes
## Footnote
This allows harmful particles to reach delicate lung tissue.
93
What cardiovascular effects does nicotine have?
Accelerates heart rate and elevates blood pressure
## Footnote
This can increase the risk of heart disease.
94
What role does nicotine play in the adrenal glands?
Stimulates adrenal glands to release adrenaline
## Footnote
This causes changes in the functioning of the heart and other organs.
95
True or False: Nicotine increases hunger contractions.
False
## Footnote
Nicotine actually depresses hunger contractions.
96
How does nicotine affect urine production?
Inhibits production of urine in kidneys
## Footnote
This can lead to dehydration and other kidney-related issues.
97
What effect does nicotine have on blood sugar levels?
Causes liver to release glycogen, raising blood sugar level
## Footnote
This can impact insulin sensitivity and diabetes risk.
98
What type of stimulant is cocaine?
Potent CNS stimulant
## Footnote
CNS stands for central nervous system.
99
From which plant is cocaine derived?
Coca plant
## Footnote
The coca plant is primarily found in South America.
100
Name three physiological effects of cocaine use.
* Rapid heart rate
* Increased breathing rate
* Decreased appetite
101
What feelings may users experience when using cocaine?
* Euphoria
* Alertness
* Competency
* Power
* Invincibility
102
What brain pathway does cocaine activate?
The brain's reward pathway (dopamine)
## Footnote
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward.
103
How long do the effects of cocaine last?
Short lasting and ends abruptly
104
What are some consequences of repeated cocaine use?
* Insomnia
* Weight loss
* Impotence
105
What can an overdose of cocaine cause?
Death due to heart irregularities
106
What is 'crack' in relation to cocaine?
'Crack' is a less pure freebase form of cocaine
107
What is a common cause of death associated with cocaine use?
Heart irregularities
## Footnote
Cocaine can lead to severe complications such as arrhythmias.
108
What central nervous system effects are associated with repeated cocaine use?
Severe psychological problems, suppression of food, sex, and sleep desire
## Footnote
High dosages can exacerbate these issues.
109
What are potential neurological effects of cocaine use?
Strokes, seizures, and neurological damage
## Footnote
These effects are particularly concerning with high dosages.
110
How does cocaine affect the cardiovascular system?
Increases blood pressure, causes irregular heartbeat, damages heart tissue
## Footnote
Cocaine constricts blood vessels, contributing to these effects.
111
What respiratory issues can arise from freebasing cocaine?
Lung damage and overdose leading to respiratory arrest
## Footnote
Freebasing involves smoking cocaine, which can harm lung tissue.
112
In men, how does cocaine affect reproductive health?
Affects ability to maintain erections and ejaculate; causes sperm abnormalities
## Footnote
These effects can impact fertility.
113
In women, what reproductive issues may cocaine use cause?
May affect ability to carry pregnancy to term
## Footnote
Cocaine can lead to complications during pregnancy.
114
What damage can cocaine cause to the nose?
Damages mucous membrane
## Footnote
This is particularly relevant for users who snort cocaine.
115
What are amphetamines?
Powerful stimulants that have effects similar to cocaine and are highly addictive
## Footnote
Amphetamines include methamphetamine, commonly referred to as 'meth'.
116
What is a common street name for methamphetamine?
Meth
## Footnote
Methamphetamine is often referred to simply as 'meth' in popular culture.
117
What is a significant reason for the low cost of methamphetamine?
Can be made from household ingredients
## Footnote
This accessibility contributes to its widespread use and addiction.
118
What neurotransmitter do amphetamines cause high levels of?
Dopamine
## Footnote
The increase in dopamine is linked to the stimulant effects and addictive properties of amphetamines.
119
What is tolerance in the context of amphetamine use?
The need for increasing doses to achieve the same effect
## Footnote
Tolerance is a common phenomenon with addictive substances.
120
What is the relapse rate for amphetamine addiction?
Very high
## Footnote
The addictive nature of amphetamines leads to significant challenges in recovery.
121
What are some severe consequences of chronic amphetamine use?
Severe weight loss, heart attack, stroke, paranoia, psychosis, violent behavior
## Footnote
These consequences highlight the serious health risks associated with prolonged use.
122
What is amphetamine psychosis?
Psychotic features including paranoia, visual and auditory hallucinations, and delusions
## Footnote
Amphetamine psychosis can occur in individuals using high doses over extended periods.
123
True or False: Amphetamines are not addictive.
False
## Footnote
Amphetamines are known to be highly addictive substances.
124
What are common street names for MDMA?
'X', 'molly'
## Footnote
These names are often used in club and rave settings.
125
What type of drug is MDMA/Ecstasy classified as?
Stimulant and mild hallucinogen
## Footnote
It is also known as a 'club drug'.
126
What effect does MDMA have on serotonin levels?
Increases serotonin
## Footnote
This leads to mood elevation.
127
What are some effects of MDMA use?
Euphoria, increased energy, heightened sense of belonging
## Footnote
These effects contribute to its popularity in social settings.
128
What is 'coming down' from MDMA associated with?
Serotonin imbalances, promoting depression
## Footnote
This phase can lead to feelings of sadness or lethargy.
129
What risks are associated with MDMA use in club or rave settings?
Dangerously high body temperature, potentially fatal dehydration
## Footnote
These risks are exacerbated by physical activity and warm environments.
130
How does developing a tolerance to MDMA affect users?
Leads to higher doses or mixing with other drugs
## Footnote
This increases the risk of adverse effects and overdose.
131
What are hallucinogens?
A group of psychoactive drugs that alter perceptions, feelings, and thoughts
## Footnote
Hallucinogens can lead to changes in sensory perception, mood, and cognitive processes.
132
Name two examples of hallucinogens.
* LSD (acid)
* Psilocybin (magic mushrooms)
* MDMA
* DMT
* Ketamine
* PCP
## Footnote
These substances are known for their psychoactive effects.
133
True or False: Hallucinogens are generally more addictive than other drugs.
False
## Footnote
Hallucinogens are generally considered less addictive compared to many other classes of drugs.
134
Fill in the blank: Examples of hallucinogens include LSD and _______.
Psilocybin
## Footnote
Psilocybin is commonly found in certain species of mushrooms.
135
What is MDMA primarily classified as?
A stimulant
## Footnote
While MDMA has hallucinogenic properties, it is primarily known for its stimulant effects.
136
What are LSD, PCP, and Psilocybin classified as?
Hallucinogens
## Footnote
These drugs include LSD (acid), PCP (angel dust), and psilocybin (magic mushrooms)
137
What do hallucinogens alter?
Perception, feelings, and/or thoughts
## Footnote
They cause altered states of consciousness
138
How are hallucinogens typically ingested and how long do their effects last?
Typically ingested; effects last ~8+ hours
## Footnote
This duration can vary based on the substance and individual.
139
What are some risks associated with hallucinogen use?
Irrational acts; potential for flashbacks
## Footnote
LSD users, in particular, may experience flashbacks.
140
What happens to tolerance when using hallucinogens?
Tolerance develops
## Footnote
There is little physical dependence or withdrawal symptoms.
141
Are hallucinogens generally considered addictive?
No, generally not addictive
## Footnote
Users typically do not experience withdrawal symptoms.
142
What factors can influence the quality of a hallucinogen experience?
Environment, mood, dose, expectations
## Footnote
These factors determine whether users have a 'good trip' or a 'bad trip'.
143
What recent research suggests about 'guided trips' with hallucinogens?
May have therapeutic applications for treating addictive behaviors
## Footnote
This research indicates potential benefits in a controlled setting.
144
What are opioids?
A class of drugs that relieve pain, cause drowsiness, and induce euphoria
## Footnote
Opioids include both natural and synthetic substances.
145
Name three examples of opioids.
* Opium
* Heroin
* Morphine
## Footnote
Other examples include methadone, codeine, Demerol, oxycodone, and fentanyl.
146
What is the source of natural opioids?
Opium poppy
## Footnote
Opioids can also be synthetic analogues or derivatives of opium.
147
What are the common effects of opioids?
* Relaxation
* Euphoria
* Slowed breathing
* Slurred speech
* Impaired balance
## Footnote
These effects can vary depending on the dosage.
148
What can higher doses of opioids cause?
* Stupor
* Unconsciousness
* Coma
* Death
## Footnote
Higher doses significantly increase the risk of severe adverse effects.
149
True or False: Most opioids prescribed for pain are not addictive.
False
## Footnote
Most opioids are powerfully addictive despite being prescribed for pain relief.
150
What ongoing crisis is associated with opioids in BC?
The opioid (fentanyl) crisis
## Footnote
This crisis highlights the severe impact of opioid misuse and addiction in British Columbia.
151
What can reverse the effects of an opioid overdose?
Naloxone
## Footnote
Naloxone is an opioid antagonist used in emergency situations to counteract the effects of opioid overdose.
152
What class of drugs does Rohypnol belong to?
Benzodiazepines
## Footnote
Rohypnol is a type of benzodiazepine that is used as a sedative in some countries.
153
Is Rohypnol legal in Canada and the US?
No, it is illegal in Canada and the US
## Footnote
Rohypnol is approved as a sedative in some countries but not in Canada and the US.
154
What are the effects of mixing Rohypnol with alcohol?
Produces dizziness, disorientation, impaired memory and judgment within 15 minutes
## Footnote
These effects can severely impact an individual's ability to function.
155
What is GHB's full name?
y hydroxybutyrate
## Footnote
GHB is known for its sedative effects and is often associated with club drugs.
156
What severe effects can GHB cause?
Sedation, loss of consciousness, respiratory arrest, coma, and death
## Footnote
GHB can be extremely dangerous, leading to life-threatening conditions.
157
What are some side effects of GHB?
Nausea, vomiting, hallucinations
## Footnote
These side effects can vary in intensity depending on the dosage.
158
Does regular use of GHB lead to physical dependence?
Yes
## Footnote
Regular use of GHB can result in physical dependence, making cessation difficult.
159
What are common street names for Ketamine?
* special K
* vitamin k
## Footnote
These names often reflect its use in recreational settings.
160
What type of drug is Ketamine classified as?
Legal anesthetic
## Footnote
Ketamine is primarily used in medical settings for anesthesia.
161
What hallucinogenic effects can Ketamine produce?
Delirium, amnesia, impaired motor function
## Footnote
These effects are more pronounced at high doses.
162
What physiological effects can high doses of Ketamine cause?
* Increased blood pressure
* Depression
* Depressed respiration
## Footnote
These effects can pose serious health risks.
163
True or False: Ketamine is known to cause physical dependence.
False
## Footnote
It is not known whether physical dependence develops with Ketamine use.
164
Fill in the blank: High doses of Ketamine can act like _______.
PCP
## Footnote
PCP is another substance known for its hallucinogenic effects.
165
What is a common side effect of some prescription drugs?
Physical dependence
## Footnote
Certain Rx drugs, particularly those in specific classes, may lead to physical dependence.
166
What class of drugs is used to treat anxiety and panic attacks?
Benzodiazepines
## Footnote
Examples include Valium, Ativan, and Xanax.
167
Name two examples of benzodiazepines.
* Valium
* Ativan
* Xanax
## Footnote
These medications are commonly prescribed for anxiety and panic disorders.
168
What types of conditions are stimulants used to treat?
* Asthma
* Obesity
* Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)
## Footnote
An example of a stimulant is Dexedrine.
169
Fill in the blank: Opioids are used to treat _______.
Pain
## Footnote
Common opioids include codeine and morphine.
170
What are two examples of opioids?
* Codeine
* Morphine
## Footnote
These drugs are primarily used for pain management.
171
What type of substance can cannabis be classified as?
CNS depressant, hallucinogen, stimulant
## Footnote
Cannabis has various effects depending on the individual and context.
172
What percentage of Canadians have tried cannabis?
45%
## Footnote
Use is legal in Canada.
173
What is the active compound in cannabis that acts on cannabinoid receptors?
THC
## Footnote
THC stands for tetrahydrocannabinol.
174
What are some acute effects of cannabis use?
Mild euphoria, heightened perception, drowsiness, red eyes
## Footnote
These effects can vary based on dosage and individual response.
175
List some chronic effects of cannabis use.
* May interfere with memory/learning
* Associated with reproductive dysfunction
* May promote schizophrenia in susceptible individuals, especially if used during adolescence
* Biggest health risk is effects on airways
* Marijuana smoke contains carcinogens
## Footnote
Chronic effects can lead to significant health concerns.
176
True or False: Cannabis use is only associated with positive effects.
False
## Footnote
Cannabis can have both positive and negative effects on health.
177
Fill in the blank: The biggest health risk of cannabis is the effects on _______.
airways
## Footnote
Cannabis smoke can irritate the lungs and airways.
178
What are some benefits of cannabis?
May relieve nausea, vomiting, chronic pain
## Footnote
Additional benefits include potential treatment for various conditions.
179
Name some conditions that cannabis may help treat.
* Glaucoma
* Epilepsy
* Anorexia
* Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
* Arthritis
* Migraines
## Footnote
These conditions are among those potentially alleviated by cannabis.
180
What is considered the safest way to consume cannabis?
Ingestion or with a vaporizer
## Footnote
Smoking joints is considered the most harmful method of consumption.
181
Is recreational marijuana use legal in Canada?
Yes
## Footnote
The logistics of sales and approving business licenses are still ongoing.
182
Fill in the blank: The safest way to consume cannabis is probably through _______.
[ingestion or with a vaporizer]
183
True or False: Smoking joints is considered the safest method of consuming cannabis.
False
## Footnote
Smoking joints is regarded as the most harmful method.
184
What type of substance is alcohol (ethanol)?
CNS depressant
## Footnote
CNS stands for central nervous system.
185
What initial effect might alcohol have that contrasts with its classification as a depressant?
It may feel like a stimulant
## Footnote
This initial feeling can lead to misinterpretation of alcohol's effects.
186
What is the most highly abused psychoactive substance?
Alcohol (Ethanol)
## Footnote
It is commonly used recreationally, leading to high rates of abuse.
187
List three acute effects of alcohol consumption.
* Mild euphoria
* Relaxation
* Altered judgement
* Impaired motor skills
## Footnote
These effects can vary based on individual tolerance and amount consumed.
188
What are the health risks associated with binge drinking and/or chronic alcohol use?
Many health risks
## Footnote
Risks can include liver disease, addiction, and increased accidents.
189
How is alcohol absorbed into the body?
Alcohol is absorbed directly into the blood through the stomach or small intestinal wall
## Footnote
Alcohol is not digested.
190
What are the primary factors influencing the rate of alcohol absorption?
* Sex (Male vs Female)
* Size (Weight and BMI)
* Fruit sugar
* Food in stomach, especially fats
* Liver enzyme activity
191
What percentage of alcohol absorption occurs in the stomach?
20%
192
What percentage of alcohol absorption occurs in the intestine?
80%
193
Fill in the blank: Alcohol is absorbed directly into the blood through the _______.
[stomach or small intestinal wall]
194
True or False: Alcohol is digested before it is absorbed.
False
195
How does food in the stomach affect alcohol absorption?
Food, especially fats, slows down alcohol absorption.
196
What role does liver enzyme activity play in alcohol absorption?
Liver enzyme activity influences the rate of alcohol metabolism.
197
What are the effects of alcohol on judgement and mood?
Alcohol affects judgement and changes mood
## Footnote
Alcohol can lead to impaired decision-making and emotional instability.
198
List some short-term risks associated with excessive alcohol consumption.
* Memory loss
* Decreased blood sugar levels
* Flushing
* Sweating
* Indigestion
* Slurred speech
* Blurred vision
* Impaired motor skills
* Impaired sexual function
* Increased likelihood of riskier behaviors
* Violence
* Suicide
* Increased urine output
* Dehydration
* Hangover
* Withdrawal symptoms
* Alcohol poisoning
* Extreme cases: death
## Footnote
These risks highlight the immediate dangers of consuming high quantities of alcohol.
199
True or False: Alcohol consumption can lead to memory loss.
True
## Footnote
Memory loss is a recognized short-term risk of consuming alcohol, especially in excessive amounts.
200
Fill in the blank: One of the short-term risks of alcohol use is _______.
increased likelihood of riskier behaviours
## Footnote
This includes engaging in activities that may lead to harm or dangerous situations.
201
What are the symptoms of alcohol poisoning?
Extreme cases can result in death
## Footnote
Alcohol poisoning is a severe reaction to high alcohol consumption, requiring immediate medical attention.
202
What can excessive alcohol consumption result in regarding physical functions?
* Impaired motor skills
* Impaired sexual function
## Footnote
Both physical impairments can lead to dangerous situations, including accidents.
203
What immediate bodily reactions can occur due to alcohol consumption?
* Flushing
* Sweating
* Indigestion
## Footnote
These reactions can vary in intensity depending on the amount of alcohol consumed.
204
Fill in the blank: Alcohol can cause _______ which can lead to dehydration.
increased urine output
## Footnote
Dehydration can significantly affect physical and mental health.
205
What is a long-term risk of alcohol use related to addiction?
Addiction
## Footnote
Alcohol use can lead to physical and psychological dependence.
206
What cardiovascular disease is associated with long-term alcohol abuse?
CVD
## Footnote
Chronic alcohol consumption can lead to various cardiovascular problems.
207
What liver condition can result from prolonged alcohol use?
Cirrhosis of the liver
## Footnote
Cirrhosis is severe liver damage caused by prolonged alcohol abuse.
208
Name a type of cancer linked to long-term alcohol consumption.
Cancers
## Footnote
Alcohol is a risk factor for several types of cancer, including breast and liver cancer.
209
What nutritional issue can arise from chronic alcohol use?
Malnutrition
## Footnote
Alcohol can interfere with nutrient absorption and lead to deficiencies.
210
What mental health condition can be exacerbated by long-term alcohol use?
Mental illness
## Footnote
Alcohol can contribute to or worsen conditions like depression and anxiety.
211
What type of damage can long-term alcohol use cause to the brain?
Brain damage
## Footnote
Chronic alcohol abuse can lead to cognitive impairments and neurological issues.
212
How does long-term alcohol use affect the immune system?
Impaired immune function
## Footnote
Alcohol can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections.
213
What are some negative social effects of alcohol use?
Negative social effects
## Footnote
Alcohol abuse can lead to relationship problems, job loss, and social isolation.
214
What reproductive issues can arise from long-term alcohol use?
Impotence, infertility
## Footnote
Alcohol can negatively affect sexual health and reproductive functions.
215
What syndrome can result from alcohol use during pregnancy?
Fetal alcohol syndrome
## Footnote
Fetal alcohol syndrome can cause physical and developmental issues in offspring.
216
What risks are associated with alcohol use regarding personal safety?
Increased chances of harm to oneself and others
## Footnote
This includes riskier behaviors, accidents, violence, and suicide.
217
True or False: Long-term alcohol use can lead to an increased risk of suicide.
True
## Footnote
Alcohol abuse is associated with higher rates of suicidal thoughts and attempts.
218
What are the immediate effects of alcohol on the central nervous system?
Impaired reaction time and motor coordination; impaired judgment and sedation; coma and death at high BACs
## Footnote
BAC stands for Blood Alcohol Concentration.
219
What are two chronic effects of alcohol on the brain?
Damaged/destroyed brain cells; impaired memory
## Footnote
Chronic alcohol use can lead to significant cognitive decline.
220
How does chronic alcohol use affect the cardiovascular system?
Weakened cardiac muscle; elevated blood pressure; irregular heartbeat; increased risk of stroke
## Footnote
These effects can lead to serious cardiovascular diseases.
221
What is a significant risk associated with alcohol consumption and breast health?
Increased risk of breast cancer
## Footnote
Alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for several types of cancer.
222
List three sensory impairments caused by chronic alcohol use.
* Less acute vision * Less acute smell * Less acute taste * Less acute hearing
## Footnote
Chronic alcohol abuse can lead to diminished sensory perceptions.
223
What gastrointestinal issues can arise from chronic alcohol use?
* Nausea * Inflammation * Bleeding
## Footnote
These symptoms can significantly impact overall health.
224
What are some skin-related effects of alcohol abuse?
* Flushing * Sweating * Heat loss and hypothermia * Formation of broken capillaries
## Footnote
Skin changes can be a visible sign of alcohol abuse.
225
How does alcohol affect sexual functioning in men?
Reduced erection response
## Footnote
This can lead to psychological and relational issues.
226
What impact does alcohol have on the immune system?
Lowered resistance to disease
## Footnote
This can make individuals more susceptible to infections.
227
What digestive system conditions are linked with chronic alcohol consumption?
* Cirrhosis of the liver * Hepatitis * Inflammation of stomach and pancreas * Increased risk of cancers of various organs
## Footnote
Alcohol is a major contributor to liver disease.
228
What is a potential kidney-related outcome of chronic alcohol abuse?
Kidney failure associated with end-stage liver disease
## Footnote
The liver and kidneys are closely linked in processing alcohol.
229
How does alcohol consumption affect nutritional status?
Nutrient deficiencies; obesity
## Footnote
Alcohol can interfere with the absorption of essential nutrients.
230
What reproductive issues can alcohol cause in women?
Menstrual irregularities; increased risk of having children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
## Footnote
FAS can lead to severe developmental issues in children.
231
What reproductive issues can alcohol cause in men?
Impotence and impaired sperm production
## Footnote
These effects can affect fertility.
232
What skeletal issue is associated with chronic alcohol use?
Increased risk of osteoporosis
## Footnote
Osteoporosis can lead to higher fracture rates.
233
What is the risk associated with falls in individuals who abuse alcohol?
Increased risk of fractures
## Footnote
Alcohol impairs coordination and balance, increasing fall risk.
234
What are some other mental health conditions that can be risk factors for addiction?
Depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia
## Footnote
These conditions may contribute to the likelihood of developing an addiction.
235
List some factors that may lead to the development of addiction.
* Genetic factors
* Physiological factors
* Personality factors
* Social factors
* Lifestyle factors
* Environmental factors
## Footnote
These factors can interact in complex ways to influence addiction risk.
236
What role does stress play in addiction risk?
Stress can increase the likelihood of developing an addiction
## Footnote
High levels of stress may lead individuals to seek substances or behaviors for relief.
237
Fill in the blank: Low self-esteem, easy access, and _______ are risk factors for addiction.
high social acceptance
## Footnote
These social factors can normalize or encourage addictive behaviors.
238
What is the first step in the treatment process?
User first needs to realize they have a problem and address underlying causes
## Footnote
Acknowledging the issue is crucial for effective treatment.
239
How does treatment vary among individuals?
Some people quit on their own, others need help
## Footnote
Individual circumstances greatly influence the need for assistance in treatment.
240
Name one option for medication-assisted treatment.
Medication-assisted treatment
## Footnote
This involves the use of medications to help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.
241
What type of support can treatment centers provide?
Treatment centers
## Footnote
These facilities offer structured programs and professional support for recovery.
242
What is a common form of group support in treatment?
Group and Peer Counselling (e.g. AA)
## Footnote
Support groups provide community and shared experiences for individuals in recovery.
243
Fill in the blank: _______ strategies are aimed at reducing negative consequences associated with substance use.
Harm-reduction strategies
## Footnote
These strategies focus on minimizing harm rather than solely aiming for abstinence.
244
True or False: Prevention is preferable to treatment.
True
## Footnote
Preventative measures can significantly reduce the need for treatment.
245
What is the first step in the treatment process?
User first needs to realize they have a problem and address underlying causes
## Footnote
Acknowledging the issue is crucial for effective treatment.
246
How does treatment vary among individuals?
Some people quit on their own, others need help
## Footnote
Individual circumstances greatly influence the need for assistance in treatment.
247
Name one option for medication-assisted treatment.
Medication-assisted treatment
## Footnote
This involves the use of medications to help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.
248
What type of support can treatment centers provide?
Treatment centers
## Footnote
These facilities offer structured programs and professional support for recovery.
249
What is a common form of group support in treatment?
Group and Peer Counselling (e.g. AA)
## Footnote
Support groups provide community and shared experiences for individuals in recovery.
250
Fill in the blank: _______ strategies are aimed at reducing negative consequences associated with substance use.
Harm-reduction strategies
## Footnote
These strategies focus on minimizing harm rather than solely aiming for abstinence.
251
True or False: Prevention is preferable to treatment.
True
## Footnote
Preventative measures can significantly reduce the need for treatment.
252
What are the Four Pillars of Vancouver's Drug Strategy?
1. Treatment
2. Prevention
3. Harm reduction
4. Enforcement
## Footnote
The Four Pillars approach aims to address drug-related issues comprehensively.
253
Which pillar focuses on helping individuals recover from substance use disorders?
Treatment
## Footnote
Treatment includes various therapeutic interventions and support services.
254
What is the goal of the Prevention pillar in Vancouver's Drug Strategy?
To prevent the initiation of drug use and minimize risk factors
## Footnote
This includes educational programs and community outreach.
255
What does Harm reduction aim to achieve?
To minimize negative health outcomes associated with drug use
## Footnote
Examples include needle exchange programs and supervised consumption sites.
256
What is the focus of the Enforcement pillar?
To regulate and control illegal drug activities
## Footnote
Enforcement strategies may involve law enforcement and judicial measures.
257
True or False: Vancouver's Drug Strategy includes only treatment and enforcement.
False
## Footnote
The strategy encompasses treatment, prevention, harm reduction, and enforcement.
258
Fill in the blank: The Four Pillars of Vancouver's Drug Strategy include Treatment, Prevention, Harm reduction, and _______.
Enforcement
## Footnote
Each pillar plays a crucial role in addressing drug-related challenges.
259
What is the purpose of Drug Substitution Programs?
To substitute a less debilitating drug, reduce cravings, and enable individuals to function normally in society and employment.
## Footnote
Drug substitution helps in managing addiction by providing a safer alternative.
260
What services are typically offered by Treatment Centers?
Services include:
* Hospitalization
* Detoxification
* Counseling
* Mental health services
## Footnote
Treatment centers aim to provide comprehensive support for individuals struggling with substance use disorders.
261
What is a critical component of Self-help Groups and Peer Counseling?
Peer Counseling
## Footnote
Peer counseling is essential for providing support and shared experiences among individuals in recovery.
262
Fill in the blank: The critical component of Self-help Groups is _______.
Peer Counseling
263
True or False: Drug Substitution Programs aim to eliminate drug use completely.
False
## Footnote
The goal is to reduce the harmful effects of drug use and support functional living.
264
What is one key aspect of prevention in education?
Teach skills
## Footnote
This includes skills related to communication, stress management, and assertiveness.
265
What skills are emphasized in prevention strategies?
Communication, stress management, assertiveness
## Footnote
These skills help individuals resist peer pressure and make informed choices.
266
Fill in the blank: Assertiveness, refusal, and _______ are important skills for resisting peer pressure.
resisting peer pressure
267
What type of education is important regarding choices and consequences?
Education re choices & consequences
## Footnote
This education helps individuals understand the impact of their decisions.
268
What are some alternatives to satisfy drug needs?
Excitement, recreation, socializing
## Footnote
These alternatives can provide fulfilling experiences without resorting to drug use.
269
What role does affordable housing play in prevention?
Affordable housing
## Footnote
Access to stable housing can reduce stress and provide a supportive environment.
270
What is a critical component of employment in prevention strategies?
Employment training & jobs
## Footnote
Job training can equip individuals with skills necessary for gainful employment.
271
What is the goal of harm reduction?
To decrease the negative consequences of drug use for individuals, communities, and society
## Footnote
Harm reduction strategies aim to minimize harmful effects rather than solely focusing on eliminating drug use.
272
Name a method of harm reduction that involves substituting a less harmful drug.
Substituting a less harmful drug
## Footnote
This approach can help individuals manage their drug use more safely.
273
What is a needle exchange program?
A program that provides clean needles to drug users to prevent the spread of infectious diseases
## Footnote
Needle exchange programs are a key component of harm reduction strategies.
274
What are safe injection sites?
Designated locations where individuals can use drugs under medical supervision
## Footnote
Safe injection sites aim to reduce overdose deaths and promote safer drug use practices.
275
True or False: Harm reduction strategies advocate for the decriminalization of certain illegal drugs.
True
## Footnote
Decriminalization can reduce stigma and encourage individuals to seek help without fear of legal repercussions.
276
What is the goal of harm reduction?
To decrease the negative consequences of drug use for individuals, communities, and society
## Footnote
Harm reduction strategies aim to minimize harmful effects rather than solely focusing on eliminating drug use.
277
Name a method of harm reduction that involves substituting a less harmful drug.
Substituting a less harmful drug
## Footnote
This approach can help individuals manage their drug use more safely.
278
What is a needle exchange program?
A program that provides clean needles to drug users to prevent the spread of infectious diseases
## Footnote
Needle exchange programs are a key component of harm reduction strategies.
279
What are safe injection sites?
Designated locations where individuals can use drugs under medical supervision
## Footnote
Safe injection sites aim to reduce overdose deaths and promote safer drug use practices.
280
True or False: Harm reduction strategies advocate for the decriminalization of certain illegal drugs.
True
## Footnote
Decriminalization can reduce stigma and encourage individuals to seek help without fear of legal repercussions.
281
What is enforcement in the context of criminal justice?
Integrated actions of regulatory agencies, licensing authorities, police, the courts, and other components of the criminal justice system
## Footnote
Enforcement involves collaboration among various entities to ensure compliance with laws and regulations.
282
What is a key recommendation regarding smoking?
Avoid smoking cigarettes (and vaping)
## Footnote
Smoking and vaping are associated with numerous health risks.
283
What should be considered when using drugs?
Some drugs have therapeutic benefits, but for most, the risks outweigh the benefits
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of evaluating the risks and benefits of drug use.
284
What is advised regarding alcohol consumption?
Reduce alcohol intake
## Footnote
Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to various health issues.
285
What principle should guide activities that can lead to addiction?
Stay in control and remember that moderation is key
## Footnote
This emphasizes the importance of self-regulation in potentially addictive behaviors.
286
Should drugs and alcohol be used as coping mechanisms?
No, drugs and alcohol should not be used as coping mechanisms
## Footnote
Relying on substances for coping can lead to addiction and other negative consequences.
