UNIT 9 MENTAL HEALTH Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
How many people worldwide were living with a mental disorder in 2019?
A
970 million
This statistic is reported by the World Health Organization (WHO)
2
Q
What proportion of Canadians experiences a mental illness in any given year?
A
1 in 5
This statistic is provided by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH)
3
Q
Why is it important to recognize symptoms of mental illness?
A
To seek help
Early recognition can lead to better outcomes and management.
4
Q
What should be prioritized alongside physical wellness?
A
Developing optimal mental wellness
Both aspects are crucial for overall well-being.
5
Q
What is key to decreasing the risk of a mental health issue?
A
Promoting positive psychology
Positive psychology focuses on strengths and well-being.
6
Q
List four strategies to embrace positive psychology.
A
- Embrace positive thinking
- Be optimistic
- Face problems head on
- Have a good support network
- Be physically active
7
Q
What is emotional health primarily concerned with?
A
Feelings and moods
Emotional health influences how we think, feel, and interact with others.
8
Q
What does psychological health encompass?
A
Thoughts
Psychological health involves cognitive processes that affect our emotional state.
9
Q
What is an accurate view of reality in the context of psychological health?
A
The ability to perceive situations and oneself realistically
This helps in making informed decisions and responding appropriately to challenges.
10
Q
Name three abilities associated with psychological health.
A
- Responding to life challenges
- Developing rational strategies for living
- Thinking, feeling, and behaving in ways that enhance life enjoyment
These abilities are crucial for managing life’s complexities.
11
Q
Fill in the blank: Psychological health includes the ability to __________.
A
develop rational strategies for living
This skill is essential for coping with everyday challenges.
12
Q
True or False: Emotional health is unrelated to psychological health.
A
False
Emotional and psychological health are interconnected and influence each other.
13
Q
What tool can be used to assess mental health?
A
Mental Health Meter
The Mental Health Meter provides insights into one’s emotional and psychological well-being.
14
Q
How does psychological health contribute to life management?
A
By enabling rational thinking and effective emotional responses
This supports individuals in facing challenges and enjoying life.
15
Q
Who described the hierarchy of needs in the 1960s?
A
Abraham Maslow
Maslow introduced a new ideal of mental health focused on fulfilling potential.
16
Q
What is the first level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
A
Physiological needs
Includes food, water, shelter, sleep, exercise, and sex.
17
Q
What needs are categorized under ‘Safety and Security’ in Maslow’s hierarchy?
A
Safe surroundings, protection by others, knowing to avoid risks
These needs reflect a desire for stability and safety.
18
Q
Fill in the blank: The fourth level of Maslow’s hierarchy is _______.
A
Self-esteem
Self-esteem can be divided into self-esteem as a person and as a doer.
19
Q
What is the highest level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
A
Self-actualization
This level represents the fulfillment of personal potential.
20
Q
What needs fall under ‘Love and Belongingness’ according to Maslow?
A
Being loved, loving, connected
These needs emphasize the importance of relationships and social connections.
21
Q
True or False: Maslow’s hierarchy is arranged in order of increasing importance.
A
False
The hierarchy is arranged in order of decreasing importance.
22
Q
What are the elements of self-actualization in Maslow’s model?
A
Realism, self-acceptance, autonomy, authenticity, capable of intimacy, creativity
Self-actualization encompasses various personal growth aspects.
23
Q
What is self-actualization?
A
Achieving your full potential
Self-actualization is often considered the highest level of psychological development.
24
Q
Define autonomy in the context of psychological health.
A
Directing yourself from within
Autonomy emphasizes independence and self-governance.
25
What does self-concept refer to?
A positive, realistic perception of yourself
## Footnote
Self-concept influences how individuals view themselves and their abilities.
26
What is self-esteem?
Valuing and feeling good about yourself
## Footnote
Self-esteem is crucial for overall mental well-being.
27
What does it mean to be inner-directed?
Finding guidance from within
## Footnote
Inner-directed individuals often rely on their values and beliefs for decision-making.
28
Define authenticity in psychological health.
Being unafraid to be yourself
## Footnote
Authenticity promotes genuine self-expression and honesty.
29
What is realism in terms of psychological health?
Knowing what you can and cannot change
## Footnote
Realism helps individuals set achievable goals and expectations.
30
What does acceptance mean in psychological health?
Accepting yourself and your imperfections
## Footnote
Acceptance is a key component of self-compassion.
31
What is a quality of mentally healthy individuals regarding relationships?
Establishes and maintains close relationships
## Footnote
This quality emphasizes the importance of social connections for mental well-being.
32
How do mentally healthy individuals perceive reality?
Perceives reality as it is
## Footnote
This quality involves having an accurate understanding of oneself and the world.
33
What responsibility do mentally healthy individuals carry out?
Carries out responsibilities
## Footnote
This indicates reliability and accountability in personal and professional aspects.
34
What feeling do mentally healthy individuals experience in daily living?
Feels a sense of fulfillment in daily living
## Footnote
This reflects contentment and satisfaction with life.
35
What do mentally healthy individuals value?
Values himself/herself
## Footnote
This indicates a positive self-image and self-esteem.
36
What do mentally healthy individuals accept regarding themselves?
Accepts own limitations and possibilities
## Footnote
This shows a realistic understanding of personal strengths and weaknesses.
37
What kind of work do mentally healthy individuals pursue?
Pursues work that suits talents and training
## Footnote
This emphasizes the importance of aligning career choices with personal skills and interests.
38
What is a mental disorder?
A persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behaviour, thoughts or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment
## Footnote
This definition highlights the core characteristics that classify a condition as a mental disorder.
39
How were psychological disorders historically conceptualized?
As a result of religious or supernatural forces, possession by demons or spirits
## Footnote
This historical view often led to cruel punishments, including institutionalization.
40
What has largely replaced the historical views of psychological disorders?
Medical views that consider biological and environmental causes
## Footnote
This shift has influenced how disorders are understood and treated today.
41
What elements are now included in the understanding of psychological disorders?
* Biological causes
* Environmental causes
* Defined symptoms
* Diagnoses
* Possible cures
## Footnote
These elements provide a more comprehensive framework for diagnosing and treating mental disorders.
42
True or False: Stigmas surrounding mental illness have been completely eradicated.
False
## Footnote
Despite advances in understanding and treatment, stigmas still persist in society.
43
What fraction of Canadians will face a mental health issue at some point in their lives?
1/5
## Footnote
This statistic highlights the prevalence of mental health issues in the Canadian population.
44
What fraction of people who feel they have suffered from anxiety or depression have never seen a doctor?
1/2
## Footnote
This indicates a significant gap in seeking professional help for mental health issues.
45
What is the approximate percentage of Canadians affected by anxiety and phobic disorders?
~12%
## Footnote
Anxiety and phobic disorders are among the most common mental health issues in Canada.
46
What percentage of Canadians are affected by obsessive compulsive disorder?
~1%
## Footnote
This reflects the lower prevalence of OCD compared to other mental health disorders.
47
What percentage of Canadians are affected by panic disorders?
~2%
## Footnote
Panic disorders are a significant but less common mental health issue.
48
What types of disorders are included under depressive and bipolar (mood) disorders?
Depressive disorders, Bipolar disorders
## Footnote
These disorders encompass a range of mood-related issues.
49
What percentage of Canadians have schizophrenia?
~1%
## Footnote
Schizophrenia is classified as a psychotic disorder.
50
How many suicides occur in Canada each year?
Approximately 4,000
## Footnote
This statistic underscores the severity of mental health issues leading to suicide.
51
What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
Chronic, irrational worry about daily events such as work, social relationships, and finances
## Footnote
GAD is characterized by excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least six months.
52
What are common symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
Extreme agitation, fatigue, feelings of sadness and depression, nausea, trembling, muscle tension, headache
## Footnote
These symptoms can significantly impair daily functioning.
53
What percentage of Canadians are affected by Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
~2.5%
## Footnote
This statistic indicates the prevalence of GAD in the Canadian population.
54
What are some treatments for Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
* Therapy (e.g. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy)
* Benzodiazepines
* Antidepressants
## Footnote
Treatment plans are often individualized based on the severity of symptoms and patient preferences.
55
True or False: Generalized Anxiety Disorder can lead to physical symptoms.
True
## Footnote
Physical symptoms may include muscle tension and headaches, in addition to emotional distress.
56
Fill in the blank: GAD affects approximately ______ of Canadians.
2.5%
## Footnote
This statistic underscores the commonality of GAD among the Canadian population.
57
What is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder commonly abbreviated as?
OCD
58
What are obsessions in the context of OCD?
Intrusive thoughts or urges, such as cleanliness
59
What are compulsions in the context of OCD?
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts, such as needing to keep everything clean
60
What are rituals in OCD?
Specific behaviors performed in a certain way, such as using Lysol in a diagonal motion or vinegar in a circular motion
61
What percentage of Canadians are affected by OCD?
~1%
62
What are two common treatments for OCD?
* CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy)
* Antidepressants
63
Which celebrity has described their OCD challenges related to germs?
Howie Mandel
64
Which celebrity has described their challenges with compulsions?
Leonardo DiCaprio
65
What is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder commonly abbreviated as?
OCD
66
What are obsessions in the context of OCD?
Intrusive thoughts or urges, such as cleanliness
67
What are compulsions in the context of OCD?
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts, such as needing to keep everything clean
68
What are rituals in OCD?
Specific behaviors performed in a certain way, such as using Lysol in a diagonal motion or vinegar in a circular motion
69
What percentage of Canadians are affected by OCD?
~1%
70
What are two common treatments for OCD?
* CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy)
* Antidepressants
71
Which celebrity has described their OCD challenges related to germs?
Howie Mandel
72
Which celebrity has described their challenges with compulsions?
Leonardo DiCaprio
73
What are common depressive symptoms?
* Feelings of helplessness
* Feelings of hopelessness
* Extreme guilt
* Disturbed sleep
* Changes in eating patterns
* Weight loss
* Restlessness or fatigue
* Anhedonia
* Inability to enjoy life
* Suicidal thoughts
## Footnote
These symptoms can significantly impact daily functioning and quality of life.
74
What is the prevalence of depressive disorders among Canadians aged 15 and older?
Affects approximately 11%
## Footnote
This statistic highlights the widespread nature of depressive disorders in the population.
75
What is Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) and its prevalence in Canada?
Affects 2-3% of Canadians
## Footnote
SAD is characterized by depressive symptoms that occur at a specific time of year, often in winter.
76
What percentage of new mothers experience postpartum depression?
Approximately 25%
## Footnote
Postpartum depression can affect mothers soon after childbirth, impacting their well-being and the care of their newborn.
77
What neurotransmitter imbalance is associated with depressive disorders?
Imbalance of neurotransmitters
## Footnote
This imbalance may include serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, which are crucial for mood regulation.
78
Fill in the blank: Anhedonia refers to a loss of _______.
enjoyment of usual activities
## Footnote
Anhedonia is a core symptom of depression and can lead to withdrawal from social interactions.
79
True or False: Disturbed sleep is a symptom of depressive disorders.
True
## Footnote
Sleep disturbances can manifest as insomnia or hypersomnia in individuals with depressive disorders.
80
What are some physical symptoms of depression?
* Disturbed sleep
* Changes in eating patterns
* Weight loss
* Restlessness or fatigue
## Footnote
These physical symptoms can often accompany emotional symptoms and may vary in intensity.
81
What is bipolar disorder formerly known as?
Manic depressive disorder
## Footnote
Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania.
82
What are the key characteristics of mania?
Extreme euphoria, rapid speech, lack of need to sleep, grandiosity
## Footnote
These symptoms can significantly impact an individual's daily functioning.
83
What percentage of Canadians are affected by bipolar disorder?
1%
## Footnote
This statistic highlights the prevalence of the disorder in the Canadian population.
84
At what stage of life does bipolar disorder typically begin?
Adolescence or early adulthood
## Footnote
Early onset can influence the course and management of the disorder.
85
Name a common treatment for bipolar disorder.
CBT, lithium carbonate, anticonvulsants, tranquilizers
## Footnote
These treatments can help manage symptoms and stabilize mood.
86
True or False: Bipolar disorder is characterized solely by periods of depression.
False
## Footnote
Bipolar disorder includes both depressive episodes and manic episodes.
87
Fill in the blank: Bipolar disorder involves periods of depression followed by _______.
mania
## Footnote
Mania is a key feature that differentiates bipolar disorder from unipolar depression.
88
How do nerve cells communicate?
Through a combination of electrical impulses and chemical messages
89
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemical messengers that alter the responsiveness of the brain
90
Name two neurotransmitters mentioned in the content.
* Serotonin
* Norepinephrine
91
What psychological states are influenced by neurotransmitters?
* Mood
* Level of attentiveness
* Other psychological states
92
How are many psychological disorders related to neurotransmitters?
They are related to problems with neurotransmitters and their receptors
93
What is the effect of the antidepressant drug Prozac?
Increases levels of serotonin by slowing the reuptake of serotonin
94
What travels down the length of the nerve axon?
An electrical impulse
95
What happens when an electrical impulse reaches the axon terminal?
It stimulates the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse
96
Define synapse.
The space between neurons
97
What do neurotransmitters attach to on another neuron?
Receptors on a dendrite
98
What activates a new electrical impulse in a neuron?
Neurotransmitters attaching to receptors
99
What affects neurotransmitter levels in a synapse?
* How much is released
* How much is reabsorbed by the sending cell
100
True or False: Neurotransmitter reuptake is the process of releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse.
False
101
Fill in the blank: Neurotransmitter levels and activity in a synapse are affected by how much is ________ and by how much is reabsorbed.
released
102
What is the range of severity for psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia?
Can range from mild to severe
## Footnote
Schizophrenia can present in various degrees of severity, affecting individuals differently.
103
What type of disorder is schizophrenia?
A psychotic disorder that profoundly impairs one's sense of reality
## Footnote
Psychotic disorders involve a disconnection from reality, which can manifest in various ways.
104
At what age does schizophrenia typically onset?
Between age 16-30
## Footnote
The onset age can vary, but it generally occurs in late adolescence to early adulthood.
105
What factors contribute to the development of schizophrenia?
Complex set of causal factors
## Footnote
Various elements such as genetics, environment, and personal experiences contribute to the disorder.
106
What role do genetic factors play in schizophrenia?
May predispose individuals
## Footnote
Genetic predisposition can increase the likelihood of developing schizophrenia.
107
What environmental factors can exacerbate or accelerate the progression of schizophrenia?
Social isolation, drug use, traumatic events
## Footnote
These factors can trigger or worsen the symptoms of schizophrenia in predisposed individuals.
108
What are some common symptoms of schizophrenia?
Disorganized thoughts, inappropriate emotions, delusions, hallucinations, deteriorating function, sometimes catatonia
## Footnote
Symptoms can vary widely and may include both cognitive and emotional disturbances.
109
What percentage of the population is affected by schizophrenia?
~ 1% of the population
## Footnote
Schizophrenia is relatively rare, affecting a small segment of the population.
110
What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Symptoms present that should be absent, including:
* Hallucinations
* Delusions
* Disorganized speech
* Grossly disorganized behaviour
## Footnote
Positive symptoms indicate an excess or distortion of normal functions.
111
Define hallucinations in the context of schizophrenia.
Sensory experiences that occur without an external stimulus, including:
* Auditory
* Visual
* Taste
## Footnote
Hallucinations can significantly impact an individual's perception of reality.
112
What are delusions?
Patently false beliefs, such as believing one is a historical figure like Joan of Arc.
## Footnote
Delusions are a common symptom in schizophrenia and can lead to significant distress.
113
What is disorganized speech?
A form of communication where the speaker's thoughts are incoherent or nonsensical, e.g., 'I am taking a mental rest after a carter assignment of quill.'
## Footnote
This symptom reflects thought disorder and can hinder effective communication.
114
Give an example of grossly disorganized behaviour.
Behaviour that is markedly inappropriate or bizarre, such as childlike silliness or public masturbation.
## Footnote
This symptom can lead to difficulties in social functioning.
115
What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Symptoms absent that should be present, including:
* Lack of motivation
* Blunted feelings
* Depression
* Social withdrawal
## Footnote
Negative symptoms indicate a reduction or loss of normal functions.
116
Fill in the blank: A lack of _______ is a negative symptom of schizophrenia.
motivation
## Footnote
This can manifest as an inability to initiate or sustain activities.
117
True or False: Blunted feelings are a positive symptom of schizophrenia.
False
## Footnote
Blunted feelings are categorized as negative symptoms.
118
What does social withdrawal indicate in schizophrenia?
A negative symptom that reflects a person's retreat from social interactions and relationships.
## Footnote
This can lead to isolation and further exacerbate the condition.
119
Fill in the blank: Depression is classified as a _______ symptom of schizophrenia.
negative
## Footnote
Depression can severely impact a person's quality of life and functioning.
120
What is the medical degree held by psychiatrists?
M.D.
## Footnote
Psychiatrists are qualified to prescribe medication due to their medical training.
121
What type of degree do psychologists typically hold?
Ph.D. or M.Sc.
## Footnote
Psychologists focus on behavioral therapies such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
122
Can psychologists prescribe drugs?
No
## Footnote
Psychologists are not licensed to prescribe medication.
123
What type of training do social workers usually have?
Training in counselling
## Footnote
Social workers are often licensed and registered professionals.
124
What is a key characteristic of counsellors?
No set specialized training or licensing required
## Footnote
Counsellors can come from various backgrounds and may not have formal training.
125
True or False: Psychiatrists can offer behavioral therapy.
True
## Footnote
While primarily focused on medication, psychiatrists can also provide therapy.
126
Fill in the blank: Psychiatrists have a medical degree (______).
M.D.
## Footnote
This allows them to prescribe medications.
127
Fill in the blank: Psychologists can offer ______ but not prescribe drugs.
behavioural therapy
## Footnote
This includes treatments like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
128
What are antidepressants used for?
Alter neurotransmission
## Footnote
A common class of antidepressants includes SSRIs.
129
What is the function of mood stabilizers?
Calm overactive brain regions
## Footnote
An example of a mood stabilizer is lithium.
130
What do antipsychotics reduce?
Hallucinations
## Footnote
Clozapine is a well-known antipsychotic.
131
What is the primary effect of anxiolytics?
Induce calm
## Footnote
Xanax is a commonly used anxiolytic.
132
What do stimulants do to CNS activity?
Increase CNS activity
## Footnote
Ritalin is an example of a stimulant.
133
What are the three models that can be useful alone or with therapeutics?
Behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models
## Footnote
These models provide different approaches to treatment.
134
What does the behavioural model focus on?
What people do; stimulus, response, and (altering) reinforcement
## Footnote
This model emphasizes observable behaviors and the effects of the environment.
135
What is the focus of the cognitive model?
The effect of ideas on behaviour
## Footnote
This model examines how thoughts influence actions.
136
What is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)?
A variety of techniques that work towards changing negative patterns of thought and action into positive ones
## Footnote
CBT is an effective treatment approach for various psychological issues.
137
What is the second leading cause of death for those aged 15-34 in Canada?
Suicide
## Footnote
This statistic highlights the critical nature of mental health issues in younger populations.
138
What mental health conditions are often associated with suicide?
Depressive disorders or major life crises
## Footnote
These conditions can exacerbate feelings of hopelessness.
139
What feelings are commonly linked to suicidal ideation?
Feelings of hopelessness, rejection, or lack of self-worth
## Footnote
These emotional states can significantly impact mental health.
140
How much more likely are men to commit suicide compared to women?
3 times more likely
## Footnote
This statistic indicates a gender disparity in suicide rates.
141
Among which demographic is suicide six times higher?
Indigenous youth
## Footnote
This highlights the urgent need for targeted mental health interventions.
142
What percentage of Canadian adults report considering suicide at some point?
~15%
## Footnote
This statistic underscores the prevalence of suicidal thoughts in the adult population.
143
What should individuals do if they need help regarding suicidal thoughts?
CALL OR TEXT 9-8-8
## Footnote
This service provides immediate support for those in crisis.
144
What should you do if someone you know is considering suicide?
Listen without judgement
## Footnote
Listening without judgement creates a safe space for the person to express their feelings.
145
How should you express your feelings to someone considering suicide?
Show love and care
## Footnote
Demonstrating love and care can help the individual feel valued and supported.
146
What is a key question to ask someone who may be suicidal?
Ask about recent events
## Footnote
Understanding recent changes in their life can provide context to their feelings.
147
What type of questions should you ask someone considering suicide?
Ask direct questions
## Footnote
Direct questions can help clarify their feelings and intentions.
148
What should you do if a suicidal person is in imminent danger?
Do not leave them alone
## Footnote
Staying with them can prevent immediate harm and provide support.
149
What is a proactive step to take after discussing suicide with someone?
Make plans for the next day
## Footnote
Helping them to focus on the future can provide hope and a reason to continue.
150
What type of support should you recommend to someone who is suicidal?
Recommend counselling
## Footnote
Professional counselling can provide the necessary tools and support for recovery.
151
All stress is bad
False
## Footnote
Some stress can be beneficial, acting as a motivator or enhancing performance.
152
High stress can impair memory
True
## Footnote
Chronic stress negatively affects brain function, particularly in memory-related areas.
153
There is no impact of stress on our digestive system
False
## Footnote
Stress can lead to digestive issues, including irritable bowel syndrome and other gastrointestinal problems.
154
Exercise is a form of stress
True
## Footnote
Exercise is a physical stressor that can have both positive and negative effects on the body.
155
What is stress?
Any situation that disrupts homeostasis
## Footnote
Homeostasis is the state of dynamic equilibrium in the body.
156
Define homeostasis.
State of dynamic equilibrium
## Footnote
Examples include regulation of body temperature, blood pH, and glucose levels.
157
What do stressors do to the body?
Shift our body away from homeostasis
## Footnote
Stressors can be physiological, psychological, or environmental.
158
What is the General Adaptation Syndrome?
How our body responds to stress
## Footnote
This concept describes the three stages of stress response: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
159
What is eustress?
Positive stress that promotes high-level functioning
## Footnote
Eustress can motivate individuals and improve performance.
160
What is distress?
Negative stress that decreases performance
## Footnote
Distress can lead to anxiety and decrease overall well-being.
161
What are common physical symptoms of excess stress?
* Dry mouth
* Excessive perspiration
* Frequent illnesses
* Gastrointestinal problems
* Grinding of teeth
* Headaches
* High blood pressure
* Pounding heart
* Stiff neck or aching lower back
## Footnote
These symptoms reflect the body's physical response to stress.
162
List emotional symptoms associated with excess stress.
* Anxiety
* Depression
* Edginess
* Fatigue
* Hypervigilance
* Impulsiveness
* Inability to concentrate
* Irritability
* Trouble remembering things
## Footnote
Emotional symptoms can significantly impact daily functioning and well-being.
163
What are some behavioral symptoms of excess stress?
* Crying
* Disrupted eating habits
* Disrupted sleeping habits
* Harsh treatment of others
* Problems communicating
* Sexual problems
* Social isolation
* Increased use of tobacco, alcohol, or other drugs
## Footnote
Behavioral changes often indicate how stress is affecting interpersonal relationships and lifestyle choices.
164
True or False: Frequent illnesses can be a symptom of excess stress.
True
## Footnote
Stress can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to illnesses.
165
Fill in the blank: One emotional symptom of excess stress is _______.
[anxiety]
## Footnote
Anxiety is a common emotional response to stress.
166
What symptom involves physical pain in the neck or lower back due to stress?
Stiff neck or aching lower back
## Footnote
Stress can manifest in physical tension, leading to discomfort in various areas of the body.
167
Fill in the blank: Increased use of _______ can be a behavioral symptom of excess stress.
[tobacco, alcohol, or other drugs]
## Footnote
Many individuals may turn to substances as a coping mechanism for stress.
168
How many hours of sleep do most adults need each night?
7-9 hours
169
What are the two main states of sleep that individuals cycle between?
REM and non-REM
170
True or False: Sleep is a passive state.
False
171
What occurs in successive stages during non-REM sleep?
Different stages of non-REM sleep
172
List three important functions of sleep.
* Clearing the brain of wastes
* Learning and memory
* Proper immune function
173
What is one way to minimize stress?
Ensure you have a support system
## Footnote
A support system can include family, friends, or professionals who provide emotional and practical help.
174
How can communication skills help in stress management?
Improve your communication skills
## Footnote
Effective communication can prevent misunderstandings and help express needs and feelings.
175
What should you practice to foster positive relationships?
Be kind and nurturing to others
## Footnote
Acts of kindness can enhance social connections and improve emotional well-being.
176
What are key components of a healthy lifestyle that can reduce stress?
Develop healthy exercise, eating, and sleeping habits
## Footnote
Regular physical activity, balanced nutrition, and adequate sleep are crucial for stress management.
177
What are examples of healthy coping techniques?
Meditation, music
## Footnote
These techniques can help relax the mind and reduce stress levels.
178
What skill involves recognizing and managing stressors?
Learn to identify and moderate stressors and develop resilience
## Footnote
Developing resilience helps individuals cope with challenges and recover from stress more effectively.
