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11th Grade > Unit 10-Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Unit 10-Organic Chemistry Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Organic Chemistry

A

Study of compounds that contain carbon

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2
Q

Functional Groups

A

A group of atoms that determine how the organic molecule will react

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3
Q

Alkanes

A

Contain C-C single bonds
Saturated bc they have the maximum amount of hydrogen due to having no double or triple bonds
Have free rotation across C-C and C-H bonds because they are all sigma bonds

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4
Q

Alkenes

A

At least one C-C double bond
Numbers designate where the double bond is

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5
Q

Alkynes

A

At least on C-C triple bond
Highly reactive and not often found in nature

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6
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

A

Ring of carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds
Delocalized pi electrons
Benzene

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7
Q

Amount of Carbon Beginnings

A

Meth-
Eth-
Prop-
But-
Pent-
Hex-
Hept-
Oct-
Non-
Dec-

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8
Q

Structural Isomers

A

Have same molecular formula but different bonding arrangements
Straight-chain vs. branched-chain

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9
Q

Common Alkyl Groups

A

CH3 = methyl
CH3CH2 = ethyl
CH3CH2CH2 = propyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2 = butyl
CH connected to two CH3 and the main chain = isopropyl
C connected to three CH3 and the main chain = tert-butyl

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10
Q

Nomenclature of Alkanes

A

Longest chain of carbons = base
Name substituents in alphabetical order and place before base name and number the carbons for lowest numbers
Suffix = family (single, double, and/or triple bonds)

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11
Q

Geometric Isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula and same groups but different spatial arrangements
cis vs. trans
Must be two and two different things

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12
Q

Addition Reactions of Alkenes and Alkyles

A

Reactant is added to the atoms that form the double bond which removes the double bond

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13
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Addition of H2 to an alkene to turn it into an alkane

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14
Q

Phenyl Group

A

C6H5 that is connected to a carbon chain

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15
Q

Delocalization of pi electrons in aromatic hydrocarbons

A

Much more stable
Will not undergo addition reactions but will undergo substitution reactions where an H is substituted for another group

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16
Q

Isomers of Benzene

A

ortho = 1, 2 (1 being the top and going clockwise)
meta = 1, 3
para = 1, 4

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17
Q

Friedel-Crafts Reaction

A

Add an alkane to an aromatic ring using a halogenated alkane

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18
Q

Alcohol

A

Contains an OH group
Not basic because OH is covalently bonded
Formed by oxidation of an alkane

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19
Q

Ethers

A

R-O-R’
Condensation reaction between two alcohols
Ends in ether

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20
Q

Aldehydes

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A

Carbonyl group C = O
Partial oxidation of a primary alcohol (C = O always at the end so don’t need numbers)

21
Q

Ketones

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A

Partial oxidation of a secondary alcohol
Contain C = O carbonyl group
Less reactive than aldehyde

22
Q

Carboxylic Acids

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A

R-COOH
Oxidation of an aldehyde

23
Q

Esters

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A

change -oic to -oate
C double bonded with an O, singled bonded with an O (which is connected to the main chain, and a C)
Formed by condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
Naming: portion of alcohol then the name of the carboxylic acid with -oate
Ex. Ethyl ethanoate

24
Q

Treating an ester with an acid/base

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A

Hydrolyze = split into an alcohol and carboxylic acid

25
Saponification
Hydrolysis of an ester in the presence of a base
26
Amines
R3N Organic bases Replace an H on NH3 with an alkane
27
Amides
C double bonded to O attached to R and N is attached to two different things Formed between an amine and a carboxylic acid Important functional group in proteins OH comes off, and H from NH2 comes off, and N attaches to the double bonded carbon
28
Chiral Centers
Carbon attached to four different groups centers
29
Enantiomers
Nonsuperimposable mirror images Same properties in normal environments but react differently in chiral environments (with other chiral molecules)
30
What amino acid enantiomers to we have?
Only R-type enantiomers not S-type
31
Racemic Mixture
Contains both R and S in equal concentrations
32
Biochemistry
The chemistry of living organisms
33
Biopolymers
Proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids Lipids aren't biopolymers
34
Proteins
Contain an amine group (-NH2) and a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) Amino acids are linked together by a peptide bond (amide group)
35
Zwitterion
Doubly ionized form of an Amin Acid where the amine group is propagated as -NH3+ and the carboxylic acid group is deprotanated as -COO- pH near 7.00
36
Protein Structure
Primary Structure = sequence of Amino acids from N-terminus to C-terminus Secondary Structure = segments of the protein chain are twisted (alpha helix, beta sheet, etc.) Tertiary Structure = overall shape that includes all the bends, kinks, etc. within the entire polymer Quaternary Structure = Tertiary structures attached together by peptide bonds
37
Globular Proteins
Water soluble and move around within cells Most enzymes
38
Fibrous Proteins
Water insoluble (muscles, tendons, hair)
39
Carbohydrates
Empirical formula: Cx(H2)y Polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones Cyclic glucose has an alpha (starch) and beta (cellulose) form Alpha form = able to digest
40
How to form disaccharides?
Condensation reaction between two monosaccharides Disaccharides can by hydrolyzed by water (acid = catalyst) to form monosaccharides
41
Types of carbohydrates
Starch = polysaccharide found in plants Glycogen = starch-like polysaccharide made in animals (found in the liver) Cellulose = strucutoral support of plants (wood and cotton)
42
Lipids
Non polar biological molecules
43
Fats
Consist of glycerol = alcohol with three OH groups and three fatty acids (carboxylic acids with a fairly long hydrocarbon chain) Unsaturated fatty acids = double bonds + liquids of room temperature Saturated fatty acids = solid at room temp.
44
Hydrogenation converts...
Unsaturated fats into saturated fats but byproducts are trans fats
45
Phospholipids
Consist of glycerol and two fatty acids Third alcohol group of glycerol joined to a phosphate group
46
Nucleic Acids
Biopolymers that are the chemical carriers of an organism's genetic information Made of nucleotides (5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), nitrogenous bases (weak bases), phosphate group) DNA + RNA
47
Polynucleotides
Formed by condensation reactions between the OH group on phosphoric acid on one nucleotide and an OH group on a sugar from another nucleotide
48
Stereoisomers
Same chemical bonds but different spatial arragements Geometric and Optical
49
Optical
Mirror images that can't be superimposed Chiral centers Usually have identical properties Properties change in a chiral environment dextoraotary vs levorotatory = related to direction they rotate plane, polarized light

11th Grade (19 decks)

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