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Unit 10- Using Resources Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of sustainable development

A

Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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2
Q

How is soda lime glass made

A

Heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone

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3
Q

How is borosilicate glass made

A

-made from sand and boron trioxide
-melts at higher temperatures than soda lime glass

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4
Q

What is ceramics

A

-non metal solids with high melting points
-aren’t made from carbon based compounds
-can be made from clay or glass

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5
Q

What are most composites made from

A

-a matrix (acting as a binder )
-reinforcements (surrounding and binding together fibres and fragments of the other material )

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6
Q

Examples of composites and properties

A

-fibreglass = consists of fibre glass embedded in a matrix made of polymer (plastic), it has a low density but is very strong, used in skis or surfboards
-carbon fibre = polymer matrix and reinforcements made from long chains of carbon atoms bonded together, they are very strong but light so used in aerospace

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7
Q

What do the properties of polymers depend on

A

-what monomers they are made from
-the conditions under which they are made

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8
Q

What is low density polyethene

A

-Made from Ethene at a moderate temperature under a high pressure
-it’s flexible and is used for bags and bottles

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9
Q

What is high density polyethene

A

Also made from Ethene but at a lower temperature and pressure with a catalyst, it’s more rigid and is used for water tanks and drainpipes

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10
Q

What is thermosetting polymers

A

-thermosetting polymers contain monomers that can form cross links between polymer chains holding the chains together in a solid structure
-don’t soften when heated
-string , hard and rigid

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11
Q

What are thermosoftening polymers

A

-contain individual polymers chains entwined together with weak forces between the chains
-you can melt these polymers and remould them

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12
Q

Uses and properties of clay

A

-insulators of heat and electricity
-brittle (so don’t easily break)
-used in bricks and porcelain

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13
Q

Uses and properties of polymers

A

-insulators of heat and electricity
-can be flexible and easily moulded
-clothing insulators and electrical items

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14
Q

Uses and properties of metals

A

-malleable
-good conductors of heat and electricity
-ductile (drawn into wires)
-shiny and stuff
-electrical wire, cutlery and car bodywork

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15
Q

What is bronze an alloy of

A

Copper + tin
-used to make medals , statues , decorative ornaments

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16
Q

What is brass an alloy of

A

Copper + zinc
-more malleable than bronze
-used in situations where lower friction is required
-water taps or door fittings

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17
Q

What is gold an alloy of

A

Silver + zinc + copper
-pure gold is described as 24 carat
-so 18 carat means that 18 out of 24 parts of the alloy are pure gold so it is 75% pure gold

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18
Q

Uses and properties of aluminium alloys

A

-low density
-used in aircraft manufacture
-pure aluminium is too soft so it’s alloyed with small amounts of other metals to make it stronger

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19
Q

What is steels

A

-alloys of iron that contain specific amounts of carbon and other metals
-high carbon steel is trying but brittle and is used for blades for cutting tools
-low carbon steel is softer and more easily shapes, used in car bodies
-stainless steel (steals containing chromium and nickel) are hard and resistant to corrosion (used in cutlery)

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20
Q

What is corrosion

A

-the destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment
-Rusting is an example of corrosion.

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21
Q

Corrosion reaction with iron (iron corrodes easily)

A

Iron + oxygen + water —> hydrated iron oxide
-Only happens on the surface of a materials where it’s exposed to air
-will eventually flake off to leave more iron able to corrode (all of it will eventually corrode)

22
Q

What happens when aluminium corrodes

A

-aluminium aren’t completely destroyed by corrosion
-this is because alumium oxide that forms doesn’t flake away
-it instead forms a protective layer that sticks firmly to the Aluminuiun and prevents any other reaction occurring

23
Q

What is an experiment you can do to show that both air and water are necessary for rusting

A

1) put an iron nail in a boiling tube with just water and the nail won’t rust (the water is boiled to remove oxygen and oil is used to stop air getting in )
2) to show that oxygen alone is bony enough place iron nail in a boiling tube with just air and the nail won’t rust(calcium chloride can be used to aborb any water from air

24
Q

Barrier ways to prevent rusting

A

-applying a coating that acts as a barrier such as :
-greasing (which can be used in moving parts involved like bike chains )
-electroplating (uses electrolysis to reduce metal ions onto iron electrode, can be used to coat the iron with a layer of different material that isn’t corrode )
-painting with plastic (ideal for big or small structures, can be decorative too)

25
Ways to prevent corrosion (sacrificial method )
-place a more reactive metal such as zinc or magnesium with the iron -water and oxygen then react with the sacrificial metal instead of with the iron -for example an object can be galvanised by spraying it with a coating of zinc, the zinc layer is firstly protective but if scratched, the zinc around the site of the scratch works as a sacrificial metal
26
What are some examples of natural products that are replaced by agricultural and synthetic products
-rubber is natural product but man made polymers have been made which replace rubber in uses such as tyres -cotton is replaced with polyester which is used in clothes -wool is replaced with polypropene and is used in carpets
27
What are finite and renewable resources and examples
-Finite = cannot be replenished at as faster rate than you are using it (coal, oil, natural gas, metals) -renewable = can be replenished at a faster rate than you are using it (solar power, wood, cotton, leather)
28
Risks of mining metals ores
-bad for environment as it uses lots of energy, scars the landscape and produces lots of waste and destroys habitats
29
Ways to extract copper rich ores
-they are in short supply and are limited -one way to improve sustainability of extracting it from low grade ores you can use phytomining and bioleaching -these avoid traditional mining methods of digging , moving and disposing of large amounts of rock -however they are slower
30
Process of phytomining
-plants are planted that can absorb copper ions grown on soil containing low grade copper ores -the plants take in copper ions from the soil through their roots -plants are burned and copper compounds form (found in ash) -add sulfuric acid which dissolves copper ions to the ash -extract copper using electrolysis or displacement with scrap metal
31
Process of bioleaching
-bacteria is used to extract copper ions from copper ores -bacteria convert copper compounds within ores into solutions -these copper compound solutions are called the leachate -they can be separated using electrolysis or displacement of scrap metal to form pure copper metal
32
How are metals recycled
-by melting and recasting or reforming into different products -the amount of separation required depends on the material and its properties required for the final product -for example some scrap steel can be added to iron from a blast furnace to reduce the amount of iron that needs to be extracted from, iron ore
33
How is glass recycled
-they can be reused without reshaping -usually the glass is separated by colour and chemical composition before recycled -the glass is crushed and then melted to be reshaped for use in glass products like jars and battles
34
What are the 4 steps of the life cycle assessment
1. Extracting and processing raw materials 2. manufacturing and packaging 3. Use and operation during product lifetime 4. Disposal at end of its useful life (includes transport and distribution at each stage )
35
Compare life cycle assessments for plastic and paper bags
Plastic bag: raw materials - crude oil Manufacturing and packaging - compounds used to make plastics are extracted by fractional distillation, cracking and polymerisation Using product - can be reused Product disposal- recyclable but not biodegradable, will take up space in landfill and pollute land Paper bag: Raw materials- timber (renewable resources) Manufacturing and packaging - pulped timber is processed using lots of energy, and producing lots of waste Using product- usually only once Product disposal- biodegradable, non toxic and can be recycled
36
Problems with the life cycle assessment
-producing a LCA is not an objective method as it takes into account the values of person carrying out assessment so it can be biased -use of energy, some natural resources can be quantified but the effect of pollutants is harder to give a numerical value -selective LCAs may only show some of the impacts of the product on the environment as they can be deliberately written to support claims of a company to give them positive advertising
37
What is potable water
Water that is safe to drink, can contain other dissolved substances (not just H20)
38
How is potable water produced in the UK
-choose an appropriate source of fresh water -water is passed through a mesh screen to remove large insoluble molecules -water is passed through filter beds -water is sterilised using ozone, chlorine or UV light to kill microbes
39
How to produce potable water if water supplies are limited
-desalination of salty water or sea water = can be done by distillation or by processes that use membranes such as reviser osmosis (however they do require large amounts of energy and expensive )
40
Process of sewage treatment to produce potable water
-screening and grit removal - so large insoluble particles are removed -sedimentation to produce sewage sludge (solid) and effluent (liquid) -anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge -aerobic biological treatment of effluent -process doesn’t require much energy
41
What is in our waste water (domestic, industrial and agricultural )
Agricultural = chemicals and organic matter Industrial = organic matters and chemicals domestic = microbes and chemicals
42
What is the Haber process
-used to manufacture ammonia which can be used to produce nitrogen based fertilisers -raw materials for processing include nitrogen from the air and hydrogen from reacting methane with steam to form hydrogen and carbon dioxide
43
What happens during the haber process
-the purified gases are passed over an iron catalyst at a high temperature of 450 degrees and 200 atmospheres -some of the hydrogen and nitrogen react to form ammonia -the reaction is reversible so some ammonia produced breaks down into nitrogen and hydrogen -on cooling the ammonia liquefies and is removed -the remaining hydrogen and nitrogen is recycled
44
How does changing temperature affect yield of ammonia during haber process
-the forward reaction is Exothermic so increasing the temperature will move the equilibrium the wrong way, away from ammonia and towards nitrogen and hydrogen, so the yield of ammonia will be lower for greater temperatures
45
How does higher pressure affect equilibrium for the haber process
-high pressure moves equilibrium towards the product side as there are 4 molecules of gas on the left hand side and 2 molecules on the right hand side, so increasing pressure increased yield of ammonia
46
What are NPK fertilisers
-contain 3 elements - Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium -they are formulations of various salts containing appropriate percentages of the elements
47
How is nitrogen reacted to make a fertiliser
-react with nitric acid to produce ammonium nitrate or with sulphuric acid to produce ammonium sulfate (these are then fertilisers) -ammonia and nitric acid can be used from the haber process
48
How is phosphorus reacted to make a fertiliser
-phosphate rock can be reacted with nitric acid to pour force calcium nitrate and phosphoric acid -phosphate rock can be reacted with sulphuric acid to produce calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate (this is a single superphosphate) -phosphate rock can be reacted with phosphoric acid to produce calcium phosphate (this is a triple superphosphate) -phosphate rocks is mined -useful soluble compounds are made
49
How is potassium reacted to make a fertiliser
-potassium chloride and potassium sulfate can be mined and used -they are soluble
50
Why can’t phosphate rock be used as a fertiliser
Are insoluble so plants can’t directly absorb them and use as nutrients
51
What is the role of fertilisers
Provide and replace missing elements in the soil that are essential for plant growth and increasing crop yield

Chemistry (12 decks)

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