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Bio A levels Jones > Unit 1.1 Elements form compounds > Flashcards

Unit 1.1 Elements form compounds Flashcards

1
Q

Define hydrophilic?

A

Molecules that are polar and attract water

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2
Q

Define hydrophobic?

A

Molecules that are non-polar and aren’t attracted to water

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3
Q

What are the 3 main organic molecules?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
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4
Q

What elements do the main organic molecules contain?

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
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5
Q

How do organisms release energy in organic molecules?

A

Respiration

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6
Q

Process used to make giant molecules/macromolecules?

A

Polymerisation

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7
Q

What process used to break down large organic molecules?

A

Hydrolysis

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8
Q

All biochemical reactions in our bodies = ?
(what’s the word)

A

Metabolism

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9
Q

What are monomers?

A

Molecule that can bond with identical molecules to form polymers

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10
Q

What are polymers?

A

Long, chain-like molecules made from monomers

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

A
  1. Monosaccharide
  2. Disaccharide
  3. Polysaccharide
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12
Q

Definition of Monosaccharide and their examples?

A

‘single’ sugar:

  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
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13
Q

Definition of Disaccharide and their examples?

(state their monomers too ¬.¬)

A

‘double’ sugar:

  • Maltose = glucose + glucose
  • Sucrose = glucose + fructose
  • Lactose = glucose + galactose
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14
Q

Definition of Polysaccharide and their examples?

(has 4)

A

‘multiple’ sugars:

  • Starch = Glucose
  • Glycogen = Glucose
  • Cellulose = Glucose
  • Chitin = Glucosamine
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15
Q

Properties of Monosaccharides and Disaccharides?

A

Sweet, white and soluble

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16
Q

Properties of Polysaccharide?

A

Not sweet/soluble

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17
Q

But there are still the molecular versions of these monosaccharides, what are they?

(what a bummer)

A
  1. Triose - C3,H6,O3
  2. Pentose - C5,H10,O5
  3. Hexose - C6,H12,O6

Perhaps I’ll be able to remember or idk this partly chemistry so I like

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of glucoses?

(just to state, that is a monosaccharide ¬.¬)

A

Alpha glucose
&
Beta glucose

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19
Q

How to tell if it’s alpha or beta glucose?

(Also u gotta learn how to draw these ¬.¬)

A

Alpha = H above at the right side
Beta = OH above at the right side

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20
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Same molecular formula, but atoms linked together in different sequences
eg.
Alpha & beta glucose

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21
Q

What type of reaction happens during the making of a disaccharide?
and… why….?

A

Condensation reaction cuz a ‘H2O’ is removed

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22
Q

Opposite of a condensation reaction?

(disaccharide)

A

Hydrolysis reaction (water added to break bonds)

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23
Q

How to tell what the glycosidic bonds are?

A

Based on the number of H2O molecules is bonded e.g.
Maltose from the side has H at top and OH at bottom,
When they bond the O is connected but like water removed,
it’s a 1,4 glycosidic bond

Hey hopefully i get that, look at page 8

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24
Q

What used to control all reactions?

A

Enzymes

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25
Q

What type of bond does maltose and sucrose have?

(disaccharide)

A

Bond = 1, 2 glycosidic bond

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26
Q

What type of bond does lactose have?

(disaccharide)

A

Bond = 1, 4 glycosidic bond

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27
Q

How are polysaccharides made?

A

Joining many monosaccharides in a polymerisation reaction by condensation

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28
Q

What are polysaccharides exactly?

A

Storage compounds

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29
Q

How are polysaccharides storage compounds?
(3 things)

A
  • Compact
  • Inert
  • Insoluble

Additionally, readily hydrolyse back to glucose when needed for respiration

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30
Q

Starch polymer of ???

A

A polymer of alpha glucose

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31
Q

What the two components starch consists of?

A

Amylose
&
Amylopectin

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32
Q

How is amylose made?

(starch type shi)

A

Made by many condensation reactions between alpha glucose molecules
with 1,4 glycosidic bonds.

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33
Q

Description of amylose diagram?

(ofc u might possibly? need how to draw these)

A

Long, unbranched chain that then coils up

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34
Q

What type of bonds stabilise the amylose coil?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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35
Q

How is amylopectin made?

(same with amylose but….)

A

Many condensation reactions between alpha glucose molecules (1,4 glycosidic bonds)
BUT
chains are shorter, and branch out at sides cuz 1,6 glycosidic bonds

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36
Q

Description u can state for amylopectin diagram

(i mean don’t learn to draw, visualise it!)

A
  • 1,4 glycosidic linkage by themselves
  • 1,6 glycosidic linkage between the shits
  • The ends = glucose molecules released from ends easily
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37
Q

What chemical reagent used to test for starch?

A

Iodine solution

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38
Q

How to tell if starch present using iodine solution?

A

Brown –> Black

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39
Q

Glycogen polymer of ??

A

a polymer of alpha glucose

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40
Q

Purpose of glycogen?

A

Main energy storage carbohydrate compound in mammals

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41
Q

How glycogen made
(same with amylopectin…. but….)

A
  • Many alpha glucose molecules with 1,4 glycosidic bonds
  • Branches where 1,6 glycosidic bonds are formed
    The difference:
  • More branched than amylopectin = brush-like structure
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42
Q

Advantage of glycogen?
(shorter and more branched)
(2 things)

A
  • More compact for energy storage
  • More ends = readily hydrolysed to glucose
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43
Q

3 ways glycogen and amylose are similar?

A
  • Both polymers
  • Both made from alpha glucose
  • Both 1,4 glycosidic bonds
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44
Q

Cellulose role and why?

A

Structural role - cuz it’s mechanically strong

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45
Q

What cellulose polymer of?

A

Beta glucose

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46
Q

How are 2 beta glucose molecules formed by 1,4 glycosidic bond?

(cellulose)

A

Every other beta glucose molecule rotated by 180°

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47
Q

Advantage of cell wall having several layers of fibres all running in different directions?

A

…. to increase strength….

is this rlly needed? whatever, the more u know D:

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48
Q

Starch vs Cellulose
(the differences, tho unsure how to say this uhhhhh, page 15? ,’:)

(gonna state 3 things)

A

Ahhh whatever, i’ll state some tho:

  1. Starch = coiled
    Cellulose = uncoiled
  2. Starch = alpha glucose
    Cellulose = beta glucose
  3. Starch = alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds (& 1,6 glycosidic bonds)
    Cellulose = beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds (no 1,6 bonds)
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49
Q

What is a chitin?

A

A polysaccharide

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50
Q

Where chitin found?

A

Insects

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51
Q

Chitin similar to ? but…?

(it’s also a structural role)

A
  • Cellulose but
  • Has amino acids to form a mucopolysaccharide
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52
Q

What monomer does chitin use?

(diagram for it = pg 16)

A

Glucosamine
(-OH at bottom right swapped to NHCOCH3)

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53
Q

If chitin molecules similar to cellulose, what that mean for its diagram?
(3 things)

A
  • Long
  • Straight
  • Parallel chains
54
Q

Properties of chitin?
(3 things)

A
  • Strong
  • Light
  • Water proof
55
Q

Chitin strength achieved by?
(2 things bout its diagram, i hate how u cant add pictures boo as hell)

A
  • Every other glucosamine rotated by 180°
  • Hydrogen bonds formed between chains forming microfibrils
56
Q

What elements do lipids contain?

(literally the main organic molecules ¬.¬)

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
57
Q

3 things of lipids?

A
  • Insoluble in water
  • Soluble in certain organic solvents e.g. ethanol
  • Hydrophobic
58
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids?

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Cholesterol
59
Q

Triglycerides are commonly known as ???

A

Fats and oils

60
Q

What are triglycerides made from?
(2 things)

A
  • Glycerol
  • 3 Fatty acids molecules
61
Q

What about the fatty acids in triglycerides?
(3 things)

A
  • COOH (carboxyl group)
  • attached to hydrocarbon chain (16-18 c atoms)
  • ^^ non polar = insoluble in water
62
Q

Explain diagram of triglyceride?

A

Fatty acid joins glycerol by condensation reaction = releases 3 water molecules

It also has 3 ester bonds

63
Q

How to know if got ester bond or not?

A

Bonding from H2O –> C-O-C ig

64
Q

During hydrolysis of triglyceride, what happens to pH?

A

Decreases

65
Q

What are the 3 types of triglycerides?

A
  1. Saturated fatty acid
  2. Unsaturated fatty acid (polyunsaturated)
  3. Monounsaturated fatty acid
66
Q

High intake of saturated fat = what disease?

A

Coronary heart disease

67
Q

Difference in saturated fatty acid?

A

Has no double bonds within long hydrocarbon chain

68
Q

Difference in unsaturated fatty acid (polyunsaturated)?
(animal lipids)
3 things

A
  • Double bonds within long hydrocarbon chain
  • Contains max n° of hydrogen atoms
  • Solid at room temperature (<– saturated fats)
69
Q

Difference with monounsaturated fatty acid?
(plant lipids)
4 things gl mate o7

A
  • Same as saturated fatty acid buuut
  • One/more C=C double
  • Results kinked chain not fully saturated with hydrogen atoms
  • Liquid at room temperature (<– unsaturated fats)
70
Q

Just state 3 roles of triglycerides
(ofc there’s more tho at page 19)

A
  • Energy storage
  • Thermal insulation (fat under skin)
  • Source of vitamin D
71
Q

Phospholipids made from?
(3 things)
Same as triglyceride but….

A
  • Glycerol
  • 2 fatty acids molecules
  • 1 phosphate group ig?
72
Q

Phosphate group is?
(hydro majiggy)

A

Polar (think back on that one booklet from linton)

73
Q

Head of phosphate = ?

A

Hydrophilic

74
Q

Tail of phosphate = ?

A

Hydrophobic

75
Q

Define amphipathic?

A

Having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

76
Q

Who is amphipathic?

A

…. Phospholipids….

77
Q

3 differences between triglycerides and phospholipids?
(fatty acids, ester bonds, phosphate?)

A
  1. Triglycerides = 3 fatty acids
    Phospholipids = 2 fatty acids
  2. Triglycerides = 3 ester bonds
    Phospholipids = 2 ester bonds
  3. Triglycerides = No phosphate group - no polar head
    Phospholipids = Phosphate present - hydrophilic head
78
Q

What is cholesterol made from?
and 2 more info…

A

4 carbon based rings
- Small molecule
- Not water soluble

79
Q

What is the role of cholesterol?

A
  • Regulates fluidity & strength of the cell membrane
80
Q

Do u wanna state 3 other roles of cholesterol?
(ima say optional)

A
  • Waterproofing skin
  • Making vitamin D
  • and bile
81
Q

Excess cholesterol = ?
(Just state 2 diseases)

A
  • Type II diabetes
  • Stroke
82
Q

State the 7 major classes of proteins….
(gl mah, large fry)

I can know the first 4 but not the last 3, so i’ll put a desc. for the last one ,’:D

A
  1. Enzymes
  2. Transport proteins
  3. Defensive “
  4. Signal “
  5. Storage “
  6. Contractile “
  7. Structural “ - Collagen (adds strength) makes up tendons, ligaments, bones and walls of arteries
83
Q

What are the monomers that make protein?

A

Amino acids

84
Q

What are the 4 elements that make up protein?

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
85
Q

If theres 20 different amino acids, what that mean?

A

Large variety of proteins

86
Q

Why and how is excess amino acids removed?

A
  • Can’t be stored
  • Removed in liver via deamination (that’s all the info u get)
87
Q

Page 21 structure of amino acid

A

Like why can’t brainscape just let me insert images for free, like that would make me know these diagrams D:

88
Q

Amino acids are a_____ and can act as b_____

Fill in the missing words.

A
  1. amphoteric
  2. buffers
89
Q

Define amphoteric

A

Both acidic and basic properties when they dissociate

90
Q

Define buffers

A

Resists changes in pH in acid/alkali added to them

(that’s how they keep pH constant in experiments)

91
Q

amino acid + amino acid = ???

A

A dipeptide

92
Q

Annnnnd what type of bond is created in this dipeptide?
(think about glycosidic & ester bonds)

A

Peptide bond

93
Q

How to know if peptide bond?

A

From OH & H –> them removed so now it’s C-N

94
Q

Define polypeptide?

A

Many amino acids joined by peptide bonds

95
Q

What enzyme could break peptide bonds?

A

Protease

96
Q

State the 4 levels of structure of protein

A

1° Primary - sequence of amino acids
2° Secondary - folding and coiling
3° Tertiary - 3D shape
4° Quaternary - association of polypeptide chains

97
Q

Explain primary structure
3 things

(protein)
just remember one

A
  • Determined by type, number & sequence of amino acids linked by peptide b.
  • 20 amino acids = different possible 1° structures
  • 1 change in amino acid = whole ass property change
98
Q

Explain secondary structure
3 things also
Diagram in page 24
(protein)

A

Polypeptide chain can:
- Coil into an alpha helix
- Fold into a beta pleated sheet

  • Shape maintained by hydrogen bonds
99
Q

Explain tertiary structure
2 things
(protein)

A
  • Coil and pleats can also fold and coil
    = Overall 3D shape of polypeptide chain
  • Held in place by various bonds between the R groups
100
Q

How the 3D shape precise for protein structure?
and 1 long additional thing D:
(Just remember one pal)

A
  • Determines function e.g. active side on enzymes
  • The 1° structure must be correct to get correct 3D shape cuz correct form due to amino acids at specific points along polypeptide chain
101
Q

How is breaking down tertiary structure of protein = denaturation?

A

Bonds break (thats all the info u get from me)

102
Q

2 causes of denaturation of proteins? and how

A
  1. Very high temp. = protein molecule vibrate & bond break
  2. Extremes of pH = H+ affecting bonding of amino acids = 3D tertiary shape lost
103
Q

Importance of tertiary structure to functioning of an enzyme?

A

Icl i will wing thing one, and this is how:

  • Active site.
104
Q

Explain Quaternary structure?
2 things
(protein)

A
  • Arises when 2/more polypeptide chains held together
  • Forming complex biologically active molecules
105
Q

2 examples of quaternary structure of protein?

A
  • Globular protein haemoglobin
  • Fibrous protein collagen
106
Q

Haemoglobin made from?
and 2 additional things

A

4 polypeptide chains associated together
- Globular
- Soluble protein

107
Q

Function of haemoglobin?

A

Transport oxygen

108
Q

What group faces where to maintain haemoglobin solubility?

A

Hydrophilic groups face outwards

109
Q

What element does the haem group contain?

A

Iron (Fe2+)

110
Q

Another name for haem (non amino acid) group?

A

Prosthetic group

111
Q

How many oxygen atoms can a haemoglobin carry?

A

8 oxygen atoms

112
Q

What type of protein is collagen?
and 2 additional things

A

Structural, fibrous protein
- Strong
- Insoluble

113
Q

Where is collagen found?
I’ll probably remember 1.

A
  • Skin
  • Bones
  • Tendons
  • Blood vessel walls
114
Q

What does a collagen molecule consist of?
(it’s either 2 for complexity, or just know the simple dimple)

A
  • 3 polypeptide chains
  • Each coiled in the shape of a loose helix
115
Q

How does collagen have great tensile strength?

A

Ends of parallel molecules are staggered;
stops weak spots across fibres

116
Q

2 Examples of both fibrous & globular proteins?

A

Fibrous =
- Collagen
- Silk

Globular =
- Enzymes
- Haemoglobin

117
Q

3 structures of both fibrous & globular proteins?
(special 3)

A

Fibrous =
- Polypeptide chains
- No hydrophilic groups outside
- Regular seq. of amino acids

Globular =
- Spherical shape
- Very precise shape & hydrophobic inside
- Irregular seq. of amino acids

118
Q

2 properties of both fibrous & globular proteins?

A

Fibrous =
- Stable structure
- Insoluble in water

Globular =
- Relatively unstable
- Soluble in water

119
Q

No time to compare haemoglobin & collagen but

A

ye i can look at page 28 if i want

120
Q

Few functions of water ig?
(go and remember 2 at least)

A
  • H2O reactant in loadsa imp chemical reactions e.g. photosynthesis
  • H2O transports substances
  • H2O helps control temperature
  • H2O is a habitat???
121
Q

What cause structure of water?

A

Deadass ima say cuz it’s a covalent bond looool

122
Q

But what causes polarity of water?

A
  • Each H atom gives it slight positive charge
  • Unshared electrons in O give slight negative charge
123
Q

What it means if something is polar?

A

Something that can attract and repel each other

124
Q

Lil quick hydrogen bond explanation
(easy)

A

H = negative
so
will attract positive ions

125
Q

5 properties of water?

A
  1. High specific heat capacity
  2. High latent heat of evaporation
  3. Very cohesive
  4. Lower density when solid
  5. Good solvent
126
Q

How does water have high specific heat capacity?
(2 things)

A
  • Takes lotta heat energy to heat water up
  • Due to amount of energy to break hydrogen bonds between molecules
127
Q

How does water have high latent heat of evaporation?
(2 things)

A
  • It’s similar to ‘high specific heat capacity’ but like for gas
  • Great for cooling; carry heat away
128
Q

How is water very cohesive?
(2 things)

A
  • Polar = tend to stick together
  • Good for transporting substances
129
Q

How water has low density when solid?

A
  • Molecules held further apart when frozen
    = decreased density
130
Q

How water a good solvent?
(2 waffle type shit)

A
  • So just like it’s polarity
  • But in terms of surrounding ions, it is rlly good too
131
Q

Last but not least (there actually is food tests but sorry bro)
Organic ions is on page 32

A

I just hope i reach the end of this flashcard yano

It rlly was almost 2 hours O_o

Bio A levels Jones (5 decks)

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