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Bio Gr11 > Unit 1.1 Learning Activities > Flashcards

Unit 1.1 Learning Activities Flashcards

1
Q

What is the essential structure of all viruses?

A
  1. Acellular: no nucleus, cytoplasm or organelles
  2. Simple structure: central part = DNA / RNA
  3. Protein coat (capsid) surrounds nucleic acid.
    Pathogenic: lipid envelope
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2
Q

Is a typical virus smaller or larger than a bacterium?

A

Smaller

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3
Q

How can we differentiate between different types of viruses?

A

Shape

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4
Q

Suggest why we must assume that viruses evolved after the first cells?

A

Viruses are parasitic on cells.
Evolutionary trend: simple —> complex

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5
Q

What structural characteristics of viruses suggest that they are alive

A

DNA / RNA

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6
Q

What feature of some viruses will protect them against the hydrolytic action of the host’s enzymes?

A

Lipid envelope

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7
Q

Why is it correct to say that viruses are parasites

A

Two organisms living together = symbiosis
Virus benefits, host is harmed

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8
Q

Danger of an antiviral drug?

A

The cells can be damaged in the process

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

The rhinovirus causes the common cold. Do you think there are 1 or 10 or 100 different rhinoviruses?

A

100
The average life span of a human is 100 years.
The virus lives within the organism and mutates once per year

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11
Q

The influenza virus has the ability to mutate rapidly. What does this mean in terms of producing flu vaccines?

A

Vaccines are specific and difficult to formulate.
Viruses are constantly mutating

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12
Q

What are the common features shared by all Protista?

A
  1. Simple-celled eukaryotes
  2. Live in moist environments (no protection against drying out)
  3. Reproduce asexually
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13
Q

Algae and protozoans:

A

Protista

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14
Q

Protozoans:

A

Animal-like protista

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15
Q

Diatoms:

A

Silica

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16
Q

All algae:

A

Autotrophic

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17
Q

Amoeba:

A

Move by pseudopia

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18
Q

Why is phytoplankton important to the marine ecosystem?

A

Autotrophs form basis of food chain
Phyto= plant - photosynthesis
Produces Oxygen which is released into atmosphere

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19
Q

Structure of fungi:

A

Most are multicellular
Hyphae , mycelium, sporangiophore, stolon rhizoids, sporangium
Reproduces by spores: no chlorophyll (sexually & budding)

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20
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A

Found everywhere, free living , saprotrophic
Parasitic / symbiotic
(Most are useful)

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21
Q

What cells in the immune system will HIV affect and the effects thereafter?

A

CD4 cells
Weakens immune system, making it less capable of fighting infections and disease

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22
Q

Can AIDS be cured?

A

No
Only managed with antiretroviral therapy

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23
Q

What is the microorganism that causes tuberculosis?

A

Bacterium

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24
Q

Explain how the TB pathogen can exist in a dormant state in a person for many years without causing symptoms of the disease?

A

If the immune system is strong, the infection is restricted and walled off by a fibrous capsule.
Bacilli can lie dormant for years with no effect.

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25
How is the TB microorganism transmitted between people
Through the air in moisture droplets that are exhaled by an infected person.
26
What does multi-drug resistance mean and how is it attained?
The ability of pathogenic viruses to continue multiplying Drugs don’t kill population Mutated virus will reproduce and the whole of bacterial population will become resistant
27
What is the name of the malaria parasite?
*Plasmodium falciparum*
28
The two hosts of the malaria parasite:
1. Human 2. Anopheles mosquito
29
Which cells in the human are destroyed by the malaria parasite?
RBC / erythrocytes
30
Why does the destruction of these cells cause death?
Death due to severe anaemia caused by a lack of oxygen in organs. Dead RBC clog up blood vessel causing blockages = cerebral malaria
31
Define a vector:
An organism that carries a pathogen to another organism but is not affected by it
32
Why is thrush called an opportunistic infection?
Occurs when the immune system is weakened taking the “opportunity” to invade the body.
33
Name the fungus that causes thrush
*Candidiasis albicans*
34
What two parts of the body are affected y thrush?
Oral thrush Vaginal thrush
35
This fungus often occurs int he body without causing an infection. Why?
Candidiasis is harmless and naturally occurring in the body. Is the immune system healthy with an intestinal bacterial balance- growth is prevented and the infection is kept under control.
36
Factors that promote the overgrowth of thrush:
1. Too many antibiotics too often 2. Weakened immune system 3. Hormonal changes 4. Poor hygiene = moisture build up
37
CD4 cells role I immune response:
Start immune response to infections
38
Killer T cells role:
Destroy body cells infected by viruses and some parasites
39
What is an antigen and what effect do they have on B lymphocytes?
Antigen: a foreign protein on the surface of a pathogen that triggers immune response. When B lymphocytes recognise antigens, they produce specific antigens to neutralise/ destroy pathogen.
40
Which specific lymphocyte initiated the immune response in body?
T lymphocytes- CD4 cells
41
Will we be able to fight infections if the T lymphocytes are destroyed?
No- no activation of immune response
42
Name a virus that can invade and destroy t lymphocytes
HIV
43
Which immune cells have the ability to squeeze through the gaps in capillary walls? How to they destroy pathogens?
Phagocytes (macrophages) engulf, ingest and digest pathogens through phagocytosis
44
Mention two ways of receiving vaccines
Scratching & injection = skin Oral
45
What in a vaccination stimulates the body to make antibodies?
B lybmphocytes
46
A vector is an organism that:
Carries a disease from one organism to another
47
Saprophytic bacteria:
Obtain food from dead matter
48
Which is correct for ALL types of lymphocytes?
Play a role in immunity
49
Which are currently the most effective methods for destroying malaria-carrying mosquitoes?
Spraying homes with DDT and using ITNs
50
During the making of wine:
A unicellular fungus releases alcohol and carbon dioxide
51
What is NOT true of fungi?
They all consist of threads (hyphae)
52
What is NOT true about Eukaryotic cells
They are usually smaller than viruses
53
What is Microorganisms role in the environment?
Regulate oxygen in the atmosphere
54
What are viruses made of:
At least a capsid (protein) and nucleic acid
55
What is considered cellular?
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
56
Latency is when:
Viruses remain dormant in cells
57
Bacteria, known as extremophiles, can survive:
Live in extreme conditions with extreme conditions
58
The earliest known group of living organism on Earth are:
Bacteria
59
What is a beneficial effect of certain bacteria?
1. Nitrogen fixing 2. Synthesis of insulin 3. Nutrient recycling
60
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria:
Convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia
61
Certain bacteria and yeasts undergo alcoholic fermentation which:
Produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide from glucose
62
Weakened immune system:
HIV
63
Unicellular fungi:
Yeast
64
Part of virus:
Capsid
65
Algae and Protozoa:
Protista
66
Mosquito:
Vector
67
Viruses that infect bacteria:
Bacteriophage
68
Antibiotic
Penicillin
69
Organisms that make their own food:
Autotrophs
70
The organism that can cause oral thrush or vaginal candidiasis
*Candidias albicans*
71
A protein made by lymphocytes that destroy or neutralises the antigen:
Antibody
72
The group of organisms such as bacteria and fungi that recycle nutrients in dead plants and animals
Decomposers
73
Type of asexual reproduction of bacteria under favourable conditions:
Binary fission
74
Fungi that associate with roots of many kinds of plants acting as a channel for soil nutrients:
Mychorrizae
75
The variety of life in the biosphere:
Biodiversity
76
The plant-like protists (unicellular algae) floating in the open oceans:
Phytoplankton

Bio Gr11 (5 decks)

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