Unit 1.3 : Animal diversity (bookelt) Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Levels of Organisation:
A
atom
molecule
cell organelles
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
species
population
community
ecosystem
biome
biosphere
2
Q
Biodiversity definition
A
The variation (number) of species of living organisms on earth today. The more diversity, the greater the survival rate of living organisms in the environment of each level.
3
Q
3.1 Evolutionary trend:
A
Simple comes before complex structure and function
4
Q
Simply – Complex
EXPLANATION
A
If an organism is multicellular, it originated in evolutionary time after an organism which is unicellular and it is therefore more complex and therefore more evolved than the unicellular organism. A prokaryotic organism is both older and simpler than a eukaryotic organism in evolutionary time
5
Q
Trend 3.2
A
Aquatic (water) living comes before terrestrial (land) living
6
Q
Classification systems
A
The relationship between the body plan and grouping of animals in phyla
7
Q
taxa grouped according to:
A
Similarities.
The more organisms share in their body plans the more likely they are to be classified into the same taxon, such as a phylum
8
Q
Binomial naming system
A
Linnaeus
Genus species (underline)
9
Q
Classification system today:
A
- Kingdom (animalia)
- Phylum (chordata)
- Class (mammalia)
- Order (primates)
- Family (hominidae)
- Genus (homo)
- Species (sapiens)
10
Q
Animalia:
A
Organisms that move on their own
11
Q
Chordata
A
Animals with a vertebral column
12
Q
Mammalia
A
Chordata with fur, hair or mammary glands, warm blooded
13
Q
Primates:
A
Mammals with collar bones and grasping fingers
14
Q
Hominidae
A
Primates with 3D vision and less prognathous
15
Q
Homo:
A
Bipedal hominids with large brains
16
Q
sapiens:
A
Members of the genus Homo with a large upright forehead and a rounder occiput (back of head)
17
Q
Concept of a phylum (phyla)
A
principal taxonomic category that rands above class and below kingdom, equivalent to the division in botany.
18
Q
6 Phyla (simple - complex)
A
- Porifera
- Cnidaria
- Platyhelminthes
- Annelida
- Arthropoda
- Chordata
19
Q
4 key features of the six phyla in respect of body plans:
A
- Symmetry & cephalisation
- The number of tissue layers developed from embryo
- The number of openings in gut
- Coelom and blood systems
20
Q
Symmetry (definition)
A
If the animal is cut vertically (top to bottom) along a central diameter into half, the two halves are mirror images of each other
21
Q
Asymmetry:
A
There is no symmetry when an animal is cut- the two halves of the animal always look different from each other
22
Q
Radial symmetry:
A
The cut can be made on any diameter vertically and the two halves of the animal will always be mirror images of each other.
23
Q
Bilateral symmetry
A
The cut can be made in only one diameter in order to have two halves that are mirror images. There is a left and right side
24
Q
The evolutionary trend in symmetry over time:
A
Asymmetry – Radial – Bilateral
25
Cephalisation (definition)
The concentration of sense organs and neurons at the anterior (front end) of the body, forming a brain in the head section of the body.
26
Segmentation occurs so that:
leading (anterior) develops where nerves can be concentrated so that as animal moves forward , it is aware of oncoming danger - making it likely to survive
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Importance of cephalisation:
Allows for effective movement.
The greater the cephalisation, the more complex and effective locomotion is.
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Evolutionary trend in the nervous system:
1. Sensitivity at cell level only and no communication between cells
2. Nerve network occurs between cells
3. Nerve network with neuron concentrations (ganglia) in places
4. Nervous system with brain at the anterior end and a spinal cord occurs
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Ganglia (ganglion)
Neuron cell bodies occur concentrated in one place.
(useful communication & efficient functioning)
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The number of tissue layers developed from an embryo:
When an embryo develops by mitosis from the zygote, it forms different layers of cells called germ or germinal tissue layers. Each germinal layer of cells gives rise to specific parts of the organism's body
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Cellular level:
Cells are loosely clumped together and each cell works almost independently with almost no coordination or communication between the cells
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Tissue level:
A group of cells similar in structure, function and origin are arranged together and work together to do a common function.
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Germinal layer development of embryo
In more complex organisms, the embryo can develop 2 / 3 germs tissue layers as it grows from the zygote by the process of mitosis:
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Diploblastic:
two primary germ layers in developing embryo
Ectoderm (outer layer)
Endoderm (inner layer)\
Some more evolved DIPLOBLASTIC animals may have a jelly-like middle layer without cells : Mesoglea
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Triploblastic:
Three primary germ laters in developing embryo.
Ectoderm (outer)
Mesoderm (middle)
Endoderm (inner)
Mesoderm : allows an animal to develop organs & organ systems
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Evolutionary trend : Levels of organisation
1. Cellular level and tissue level:
no real organisms as each cell or each tissue works independently
2. TWO germinal layers develop in embryo : DIPLOBLASTIC
3. THREE germinal layers develop in embryo : TRIPLOBLASTIC
**drawings pg. 75
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Gastro-vascular cavity:
One shared opening into the gastrovascular cavity for moth incoming and outgoing substances
*inefficient : survival (storing food)
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Through-gut
Two opening occur in the tube (alimentray canal)
One for incoming and one for outgoing substances , therefore continuous feeding occurs.
Specialisation in organs occur.
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Evolutionary trend of digestive cavity:
1. DIFFUSION occurs where nutrients move into the body cells and wastes out of the body cells with a diffusion gradient
2. ONE SHARED OPENING
(no separate moth and anus)
for food and wastes occurs in a
gastrovascular cavity system.
3. THROUGH - GUT
Digestive cavity has a separate
mouth (ingestion) and anus (excretion)
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Through- gut ADVANTAGES
1. Food can be taken in continually, without waiting for digestion or excretion to occur, so when food is available, food can be taken in, digested and stored in body.
2. parts (sections) of the through-gut to specialise for digestion, absorption etc
Nutrition is more effective and efficient
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coelom definition
A true body cavity which is completely surrounded by mesoderm tissue
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Evolutionary trend of coelom development:
SIMPLEST
1. ACOELOMATE
No body cavity occurs in diploblastic organisms as no mesoderm is present. No body cavity occurs between any germ layers of triploblastic organisms
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Evolutionary trend of coelom development:
MORE
2. *****
Pseudocoelomate
A false body cavity may be present but mesoderm is not fully around it
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Evolutionary trend of coelom development:
MOST
3. COELOMATE
A true body cavity occurs with mesoderm all around it and viscera (organs) occur
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Circulatory system:
A blood system enables nutrients to be transported to cells and wastes away from cells, making them function efficiently and correctly. This allows cells to be further away from body surface / gut as animals get bigger / more complex
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Open blood system (definition)
Blood leaves the blood vessels and is put into a large cavity called the haemocoel
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Closed blood system:
Blood always stays in the blood vessels
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Evolutionary trend in the development of the circulatory system:
1. No blood system occurs, simple diffusion occurs between cells
2. Open blood system
3. Closed blood system
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2 examples in the phylum named:
Porifera
1. Neptunes cup
2. Spongilla
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2 examples in the phylum named:
Cnidaria
Blue bottles,
jelly fish
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2 examples in the phylum named
Platyhelminthes
Tape worms
liver flukes
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2 examples in the phylum named
Annelida
earthworms
leeches
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2 examples in the phylum named
Arthropoda
Insecta
Arachnida
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2 examples in the phylum named
Chordata
Fish
Mammalia
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Type of locomotion & skeleton
Porifera
Sessile (attached) = no locomotion
Spicules (calcium / silica / protein)
form a skeleton to protect animal
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Type of locomotion & skeleton
Cnidaria
Sessile / free - floating
Hydrostatic skeleton
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Type of locomotion & skeleton
Platyhelminthes
Less effective & complex locomotion
Hydrostatic skeleton
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Type of locomotion & skeleton
Annelida
segments move independently of each other allowing flexibility when burrowing.
less complex locomotion
Hydrostatic skeleton
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Type of locomotion & skeleton
Arthropoda
Effective , complex coordinated locomotion
Exoskeleton: Chitin & Calcium
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Type of locomotion & skeleton
Chordata
Effected, complex, coordinated locomotion
Endoskeleton
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Special features
Porifera
Collar cells with flagella line the body cavity to draw water inside
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Special features
Cnidaria
Tentacles with cnidocytes to sting their prey to defend themselves or capture them for eating
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Special features
Platyhelminthes
Body is dorsoventrally flattened.
Flame cells
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Special features
Annelida
Round worms with segments which have structures and organs repeated in each one
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Special features
Arthropoda
Jointed appendages
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Special features
Chordata
1. Notochord (rod like support replaced with vertebral column)
2. Hollow, dorsal, tubular nerve cord (Forms brain anteriorly)
3. Pharyngeal slits in embryo ( but not in terrestrial adults)
4. Post anal tail
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Type of symmetry - 1, 2
Porifera
Asymmetry (1)
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Type of symmetry
Cnidaria
Radial (2)
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Type of symmetry
Platyhelminthes
Bilateral
70
Type of symmetry
Annelida
Bilateral
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Type of symmetry
Arthropoda
Bilateral
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Type of symmetry
Chordata
Bilateral
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Nervous system development
1, 2, 3, 5
Porifera
Cellular sensitivity
(each cell independent of others)
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Nervous system development
1, 2,3, 5
Cnidaria
Cellular with a nerve network
75
Nervous system development
1, 2,3, 5
Platyhelminthes
nerve network with ganglia
(some cephalisation as sense organs anteriorly)
76
Nervous system development
1, 2,3, 5
annelida
Nervous system with brain and ganglia in each segment.
Cephalisation occurs
Front of worm is sensitive to touch and light
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Nervous system development
1, 2,3, 5
Arthropoda
Nervous system with brain in each segment.
Advanced cephalisation with well developed compound eyes
78
Nervous system development
1, 2,3, 5
Chordata
Nervous system with brain and ganglia in each segment.
Advanced cephalisation with multiple, well developed sense organs.
Hollow dorsal, tubular nerve cord which usually forms the brain anteriorly.
79
Cell functioning level 1,2
Porifera
cellular level -
no tissues or organs
80
Cell functioning level 1,2
Cnidaria
Tissue level
organ system-level
81
Cell functioning level 1,2
Platyhelminthes
Organ system level
82
Cell functioning level 1,2
Annelida
Organ system level
83
Cell functioning level 1,2
Arthropoda
organ-system level
84
Cell functioning level 1,2
Chordata
organ-system level
85
Number of germ layers in embryo 1,2
porifera
None.
86
Number of germ layers in embryo 1,2
Cnidaria
Diploblastic
mesoglea is present
87
Number of germ layers in embryo 1,2
Platyhelminthes
Triploblastic
88
Number of germ layers in embryo 1,2
Annelida
Triploblastic
89
Number of germ layers in embryo 1,2
Arthropoda
triploblastic
90
Number of germ layers in embryo 1,2
Chordata
triploblastic
91
Segmentation - 3
porifera
None
92
Segmentation - 3
Cnidaria
none
93
Segmentation - 3
Platyhelminthes
none
94
Segmentation - 3
Annelida
segmentation
95
Segmentation - 3
Arthropoda
segmentation
96
Segmentation - 3
chordata
segmentation
97
Type of gut & number of openings: 1, 3
Porifera
No cavity - diffusion
98
Type of gut & number of openings: 1, 3
Cnidaria
gastrovascular
one opening
99
Type of gut & number of openings: 1, 3
Platyhelminthes
gastrovascular with branches -
one opening
100
Type of gut & number of openings: 1, 3
Annelida
Through-gut
two openings
101
Type of gut & number of openings: 1, 3
Arthropoda
Through-gut
two openings
102
Type of gut & number of openings: 1, 3
Chordata
Through gut
two openings
103
Type of body cavity : 3
Porifera
Acoelomate
104
Type of body cavity : 3
Cnidaria
Acoelomate
105
Type of body cavity : 3
Platyhelminthes
Acoelomate
106
Type of body cavity : 3
Annelida
Coelomate
107
Type of body cavity : 3
Arthropoda
Coelomate
108
Type of body cavity : 3
Chordata
Coelomate
109
Blood system:
diffusion or type 3,4,5*
Porifera
Diffusion
No blood system
110
Blood system:
diffusion or type 3,4,5*
Cnidaria
Diffusion
111
Blood system:
diffusion or type 3,4,5*
Platyhelminthes
Diffusion
112
Blood system:
diffusion or type 3,4,5*
Annelida
closed blood system
113
Blood system:
diffusion or type 3,4,5*
Arthropoda
Open blood system.
Haemocoel
114
Blood system:
diffusion or type 3,4,5*
Chordata
Closed blood system
115
What is surface area to volume ratio?
Larger the membrane / surface - faster materials can move through
As the volume increases (bigger animals) , surface area decreases.
Large animals retain heat better (conserve energy) = surface area is smaller in relation to colume
116
CELLS
What is surface area to volume ratio?
As a cell grows, volume increases faster than surface area.
Decreased SA: VOLUME ratio
If metabolic rate exceeds rate of exchange of vital materials and wastes (low SA: volume ratio) cells will die
growing cells tend to divide and remain small in order to maintain a high surface area ti volume ratio suitable for survival
