Unit 11 Test- AP PSYCH

Question 1

Harry Harlow

Answer 1

-Socialization experiments with Rhesus Monkeys
–> Social Isolation
–> Social Attachment

Question 2

Harlows Social Isolation Experiment

Answer 2

Test Group: Infant monkeys raised in isolation with no maternal contact and no interaction with other monkeys
Control “A”: infant monkeys raised with mother
Control “B”: infant monkeys raised in peer groups (5-7) with no maternal contact

Procedures (A)= after ~5 years of isolation, monkeys of various groups were paired together in a neutral cage
1 Test + 1 Control “A” ; 1 Test + 1 Control “B”
RESULTS: isolated monkeys displayed extreme anxiety and panic because they’ve never seen another monkey
Procedures (B)= one monkey raised in isolation was placed in the cage of monkeys raised as a group (Control B)
RESULTS: control “B” monkeys displayed physical aggression towards the monkeys raised in isolation, and sometimes murdered them

Question 3

Harlows Social Attachment Experiment

Answer 3

Baby monkeys were raised in an environment with a choice of two surrogate mothers….
-Surrogate 1= wire mesh frame with feeding bottle
-Surrogate 2= wire mesh frame with soft cloth fabric but no food
RESULTS: monkeys overwhelmingly preferred the cloth mother even when feeding from the other

Question 4

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 4

Strange Situation Paradigm
=observational procedure (TEST) used to assess and evaluate Secure Attachment and Separation Anxiety in children 8 months +

Question 5

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 5

Cultural Mediation
=cognitive development can only occur with social development
–> language
The Psychology of Play
= childhood peer interactions establish the foundation for adult socialization

Question 6

Carol Gilligan

Answer 6

• influential American feminist of the women’s liberation movement
  -critical of Kohlberg make-only perspective of social development
  -men think in terms of rules and justice, women think in terms of human relations, compassion and emotion

Question 7

Cultural Values

Answer 7

collective attitudes and perceptions established by a population to standardize acceptable/desireable ideals

Question 8

Cultural Norms

Answer 8

behavioral consistencies that are accepted by a population and occur regularly

Question 9

Normative Social Influence

Answer 9

-individual behaviors influenced by the norms of the society (social appropriateness)
-behaviors are intended to gain acceptance and approval

Question 10

Informational Social Influence

Answer 10

individual behaviors influenced by data, statistics, etc. that are perceived as credible

Question 11

Reciprocity (Reciprocity Norm)

Answer 11

-social norm/obligation to repay favors and gifts
-common sales tactic used to convince (deceive) people they are getting a bargain

Question 12

Social Deviancy

Answer 12

-violations of social norms and values
-socially unacceptable and statistically abnormal behaviors
-because norms and values are culturally-relative, so too are deviant behaviors

Examples: dress and physical appearance- tattoos and piercing, violations of individual/personal space

Question 13

Sex vs. Gender

Answer 13

Sex= biological/anatomical, hormonal, chromosomal characteristics that legally define male and female
Gender= perceptual self-identity of sexuality

Question 14

Gender Roles

Answer 14

culturally-infulenced behaviors that a society deems proper and fitting for males & females

Question 15

Gender Bending

Answer 15

violations/deviations of traditional gender roles

Question 16

Androgyny (think single parents)

Answer 16

individuals fulfilling both gender roles simultaneously

Question 17

Altruism

Answer 17

behaviors that promote benefit to the greater good of the group/community sometimes at the expense of the individual

Question 18

Social Facilitation

Answer 18

The tendency for people to behave differently when in the presence of others compared to alone
–> typical for task-oriented behaviors
–> typically performance increases when being observed

Question 19

Social Inhibition

Answer 19

the tendency for individuals to stop, refrain from behaviors while in the presence of a group
–> inhibition due to anxiety, embarrassment, social pressure, etc.
–> “stage fright” or “performance anxiety”

Question 20

The Chameleon Effect

Answer 20

unintentional mimicking of behaviors and mannerisms displayed when in a group setting allowing individuals to UNCONSCIOUSLY blend in and match their social environment
–> body language and non-verbal gesures
–> mood and energy level of cloud
–> yawning
–> laughter

Question 21

Bibb Latane

Answer 21

• Social Loafing= tendency for individual effort to reduce when working within a group
  –> personal accountability decreases as individuals are able to “fade into the crowd”
  –> *as the size of the group INCREASES by number, individual accountability DECREASES by effort
• Diffusion of Civic Responsibility= social phenomenon observed within large group settings
  –> *individual accountability typically DECREASES as the size of the group INCREASES
• Bystander effect= social diffusion of responsibility that occurs when witness to an emergency fail to take action and offer assistance
  –> *police and medical statistics indicate that in times of emergency, the likelihood of survival actually DECREASES as the size of the group INCREASES

Question 22

Cathrine “Kitty” Genovese (Bystander Effect)

Answer 22

stabbed repeatedly infant of her apartment building, assault lasted over 30 mins, 38 people testified to have witnessed the attack and not one provided assistance

Question 23

Group Influence (In group bias, group polarization, group think)

Answer 23

In Group Bias = perceptual tendency to identify characteristics and traits of others that are shared in common with you
–> tendency to over exaggerate similarities of a few
–> failure to notice differences within different groups

Group Polarization = enhancement of personal attitudes resulting from assimilating among other people who share the same opinions and beliefs
–> previously existing moderate attitudes become more extreme

Group Think = form of natural conflict resolution, tendency to avoid argument and debate within a group by failing to offer dissenting points of view
–> sycophants and “yes-men”
–> stifles the potential of new / better ideas (keeping your opinion to yourself to avoid conflict)

Question 24

Social Identity- *Hawthorne Effect

Answer 24

@ Hawthorne works - westin electric facility
- Original Experiment= effects of workplace lighting
Psychological Results: SOCIAL FACILITATION (when your behaviors come more appropriate when you believe you’re being watched)
–> men in white lab coats who were NOT evaluating workers walked around fixing lights but the workers believed they were being evaluated so they worked much harder when the engineers were there
–> CONCLUSION= regardless of the variable that was manipulated, individual worker productivity increased when in the group that got “attention”
- *SOCIAL IDENTITY became a behavioral modifier
- *learning names builds rapport and promotes desirable behaviors

Question 25

Deindividuation

Answer 25

=identity vs. anonymity
- changes of normal behavior due to having an unknown or disgusted identity = “mob mentality”
- increased juvenile vandalism on Halloween
- “Spring Break” and “Las Vegas”
- personal identity hidden within a large crowd of people “mob mentality”= Deindividuation = Group Polarization

Question 26

Presumptive Criminal Identity (Jeffery Villa and Stephen Ceci 1983)

Answer 26

Harvard Professor Dressed as a bum and Serial Rapist dressed nicely, both ask people to allow them to use their phones (rapist gets 80% yes) and (professor gets yes 20% or time)

Question 27

Mere Exposure Effect

Answer 27

social-perceptual phenomenon that suggests the more people are associate with (exposed to) a stimulus, the more likely they’ll grow to like it
REPETITIVE EXPOSURE –> TOLERANCE –> ACCEPTANCE –> ENJOYMENT
- music
- tv show
- people

Question 28

Foot-In-The-Door Phenomenon

Answer 28

-popular marketing technique oof door-to-door salesmen
-people typically agree to relatively small favors, requests, donations
-people who agreed to small requests are statistically much more likely to comply with larger requests and donations when asked later

Question 29

Broken Window Theory

Answer 29

-sociological analysis of how criminal behavior spreads
-well maintained communities typically deter criminal activity
-neglected environments promote apathy and foster a gradual escalation of crime
-minor crimes must be enforced in order to avoid the escalation of more serious crime

Question 30

Attribution

Answer 30

natural tendency/curiosity for people to want to know explanations and causes for the actions of others

Question 31

Disposition Attribution

Answer 31

assuming a person’s behaviors are responses to internal factors
- personality (“its just who they are”)
-this is usually the assumed situation

Question 32

Situational Attribution

Answer 32

assuming a person’s behaviors are responses to external factors/situations and psychosocial conditions
-stress, physical variables, social-enviormental issues, etc.

Question 33

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 33

-tendency to falsely assume the actions of others are attributed primarily to internal factors (dispositional attribution)
-failure to appreciate the multitude and variety of external factors (situational attribution) that most likely explain the actions of others
= wrong 1st impressions

Question 34

Just-World Phenomenon

Answer 34

• tendency for people to naively view the world as fair and just
  = assuming people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
  = tendency for people to blame the victim

Question 35

Obedience

Answer 35

social influence in which an individual follows direct and explicit commands from someone with a position of authority
-compliancy with social rules/laws is needed to maintain a civic order, prevent chaos and anarchy
1) acknowledgment of the rule/law/order
2) understand the rationale/purpose of it (may not like it)
3) comply and follow it- perhaps to avoid punishment

Question 36

Disobedience

Answer 36

noncompliance of a rule or command
1) acknowledgement of the law/rule/order
2) understand the rationale & legitimacy of it
3) but, refuses to follow it

Question 37

Conformity

Answer 37

the ability to change one’s opinions, perceptions, or behaviors in ways that are in opposition to their personal beliefs and moral ethics
1) acknowledgement of the rule/law/order
2) failure to comprehend rationale/legitimacy of it
3) comply and follow it - perhaps to avoid punishment

Question 38

Non-Conformity

Answer 38

refusal to “mainstream”
1) acknowledgement of the rule/law/order
2) failure to comprehend rationale/legitimacy of it
3) refuse to follow

Question 39

Solomon Asch

Answer 39

-conformity via peer pressure
-123 male participants were placed individually within a group of 6 confederates (actors)
-subjects were deceived they were participating in a vision test
–> participants drew a card 1-7 to sit them @ a table
–> participants were to verbally match the trial card with the correct length marked “A” “B” or “C”
–> all answers were vocalized out loud for all to hear
–> participants were positioned to answer @ the end of the order
–> beginning with the third trial, the confederates all responded with the same incorrect answer
–> 18 trials (14 “critical trials”)
RESULTS: Asch doubted that any participant would conform even once, but participants conformed 37% of all critical trials, 109/123 (87%) of participants conformed at least once