Unit 1.3: Society & Culture in Change Flashcards

Question

Ghettos

Answer 1

Evidence of segregation in the cities as a result of the Great Migration

Answer 2

Population Housing Dilute Employment

Answer 3

Positive culture impact Mixed economic impact Negative social impact - could be positive as immigration highlighted certain issues within American society

Answer 4

-worked as day labourers under dangerous conditions up to 14 hour days for poor wages with rife disease - they were fired for demanding better working conditions, so many resorted to the pushcart -The public saw them as nuisances as they were safety hazards in unsanitary neighbourhoods - led to a lot of attention in the press -How the Other Half Lives of 1890 by Riis - showed how immigrants lived - harsh conditions of the pushcarts and markets

Answer 5

-gov limited standing in one spot to 30min -the Push Cart Commission 1906 called for the redistributing of the carts to decrease density -1940, Fiorello La Guardia used new deal federal money for public works go create indoor public markets e.g. lower east Side Essex street market, this required vendors to rent stalls, declining street business, drastically with the New York Times sating it was the ‘last gasp’ of street vending

Answer 6

Benefitted cities economically, as well as brining in new cultures to America, increasing the convenience of errands, it also explains the use of federal funds to create indoor markets, which in turn took money away from employment schemes, and ended the economic benefits that came with street vending.

Answer 7

-Americans of Italian (14.2%) German (10.8%) and Japanese (fewer than one percent) descent were classed as enemy aliens -Although fewer, Japanese treated most harshly -120,000 Japanese (75% US citizens) were shut up in internment camps. Property was confiscated and they could only take what they could carry with them. -Fewer than 1% of Germans and Italians interned (confined as a prisoner) however had to obey restrictions no matter who they were -As war progressed attitudes towards ‘enemy’ immigrant population worsened. -Enemy aliens volunteered for US military -Some second-generation Japanese men and women were allowed to join the army but in segregated units. -Men sent to fight in Europe not against Japan

Answer 8

1. 1952 Immigration and nationality act 2. 1965 immigration and nationality act 3. 1976 immigration and nationality act

Answer 9

While it did slow immigration, it also led to an increase in the number of illegal immigrants from Central and Southern America wanting to join their families

Answer 10

Immigration from Asia quadrupled, changing the ethnic make-up of many US cities

Answer 11

Did not allow for refugees and with the advent of the Cold War and an increase of refugees from places such as Cuba this led to the public criticising the quota system

Answer 12

-Shorter skirts & hair -Showing ankles -Using makeup became more respectable -Smoking alllowed -More acceptable for women to be alone without a chaperone -WWI - women have their own income to spend and work in stereotypical male roles -Greater pressures worldwide to give women the right to vote - led to them getting the vote in the 19th amendment in 1920

Answer 13

-The war gave them the chance to work -19th amendment in 1920 - gave women the right to vote - politicians could now address issues to gain more votes -1920 - League of Women voters set up to encourage women to vote -White women felt change (only them)

Answer 14

-Wages were often less than what a man would be paid for the job -Most women fired to open jobs for men when WWI ended -Poorer women didnt vote or voted as their husbands said -Few black women voted esp. in south

Answer 15

-Housework was quicker due to appliances -The lives of single and well off white women received most change -Office jobs created such as typing which became the women’s role -Women’s Bureau of Labour set up in 1920 - improved working conditions -1910-40 - 5.4million more women worked -Flapper women during roaring twenties

Answer 16

-Expectation for a return to normalcy post WWI -Married women who had to work worked at home for low wages -Married women couldnt teach and many weren’t employment -Paid less than mend -Last hired and first fired

Answer 17

-Well off people managed best -Women with families managed if husband worked or looked for work to supplement husbands income -Widowed, divorced or deserted took any job -Married women worked more -Traditional values had to be left behind in lower earning families - meant that there was increased support for womens rights

Answer 18

-Poor people had few reserves to fall back on so suffered most -WBL limited progress - supported SCOTUSs 1908 ruling Muller v Oregon - womens working hours should be no more than 10hr a day (forced the poorest into unemployment and some industries required more hours like slaughtering) -Labour regulation didnt apply to female jobs -1932 - WBL reported that 97% of women working in slaughtering were the only safe earner in fam or boosted husbands wage - didnt want to work thye had to -Women who’s husbands still worked felt no difference -Women competed with migrants

Answer 19

-Aid for Families with Dependent Children -Camp Tera Housewives League set up in 1933 by Eleanor Roosevelt -1934 White House conference for unemployed women and camps began to be federally funded -1939 - 36 camps for 5000 women

Answer 20

-Men came first like in CCC -Camp Tera short term and provided no work or wages -Black women were edged out of jobs and earnt less

Answer 21

-young and free women who defied pre-existing stereotypes surrounding fashion and appearance such as through wearing short skirts, with short heart, not showing off silhouette -They refused to marry and swore, resembling an ‘adolescent boy’, and were more intellectual and interested in learning more about the human body but also society in general

Answer 22

-The war - female oppression ended and society in general was more fun and free after the war ended which meant that traditionalism was no longer desired -Pressures from authros - Fitzgerald wrote Flappers and Philosophers in 1920 helped spread the notion of freedom to women and flapper - not fully supported -The young were inventing a culture of their own to rebel from their parents control and mothers wanted to keep their daughters as close to them as possible - written in the Washington post

Answer 23

-Men thought that flappers were charming - they could relate to them -Some women especially WASPs stuck to the traditional position of women as they were extremely religious and thought that that was what they were born to do -Flappers were featured in theatre -There werre nerves present due to research by psychologists, theatre and the media that made parents anxious that their daughters would not want to marry, threatened the family and the workplace -crisis of cultural anxiety

Answer 24

1. The First World War 2. The economic boom 3. The Great Depression 4. The new deal

Answer 25

1. Great Depression 2. New deal 3. WWII 4. Suburban living

Answer 26

-Showed women that they could do men’s work -1940 - selective training and service act to take up men’s jobs and it trained men for the army -1950 - 16% of married women worked rose to 23% -1941 - Lanham Act - 130,000 children in childcare so women could work -1943 - 3 million women worked in agriculture -Black women in nursing in 1939 were 1100 but went to 2600 in 1945 -1942 - 13% of people believed women shouldn’t work -Federal - influenced others

Answer 27

-Women weren’t re employed back to factories -Men wanted work back when they came back -Half of women working in the war stopped after it ended -1946 - funded daycare stopped - went back to old roles -Widowed and divorced women had to work - no choice - husbands died -Female employment rates rose again mainly for 45-54 year olds and in 1940 10.1% worked in 1950 it rose 22%

Answer 28

-Created subset of women with a lot of time on their hands -Created own social networks and social life -Malls allowed rural women access to larger variety of goods -Labour saving devices gave women more time

Answer 29

-Many were racially segregated -Husband worked whilst wife stayed at home -Some populations stayed in cities if they couldn’t afford to move -Black suburbs weren’t affluent as nannies or cleaners -American dream talks about suburban lifestyle where women were at home -Rise of ghettos with limited job opportunities for women -Women excluded from friendship groups - remained at homes

Answer 30

-FDRs Commission of Enquiry on the Status of Women praised Equal Pay Act and increased roles in the federal government -Found that EPA needed enforcing -Women accounted for 1/3 of workers -Minimum wage though didnt apply to them -It showed that from youth, girls weren’t encouraged to think about careers -Betty Friedan publishes the Feminine Mystique - got many married, white and educated women motivated to fight for change

Answer 31

-CRA included sexual equality and racial equality -Gap between passing law and its enforcement

Answer 32

-National Organisation for Women set up by Friedan et al. -Aims: better enforcement of CRA and EPA by putting pressure on Congress through lobbying and educating others

Answer 33

-Johnson extended executive order calling for action to improve employment for those discriminated for gender - only covered federal employees - affirmative action/positive discrimination

Answer 34

Attempting to bind gap by setting quotas on number of women involved in certain projects

Answer 35

-Federally Employed Women -Women’s Equity Action League -Voice of Women’s Liberation Movement set up to raise awareness - sold 200 copies then 2000 a year later -National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws

Answer 36

-Almost all feminist groups like NOW participated in a strike of women on the 50th anniversary of getting the vote - some marches and demonstration with ‘Don’t iron while the strike is hot’ - lots of publicity -Demanded for equality opportunities in jobs, free abortion and free childcare -Membership of NOW rose by over 50% as a result -Sexual Politics by Millett criticises patriarchy in literature -Few states allow abortion with tight rules

Answer 37

-National Women’s Political Caucus In congress -STOP ERA - Phyllis Schlafly help set this up which objected to ERA -Eisenstadt v Baird - contraception allowed to all women -ERA passed as amendment to constitution fifteen states refused to ratify even in 1982 and there still isn’t a ERA

Answer 38

-Abortion legalised in Roe v Wade - rules on timing and health of mother -USA didnt sign up to UN policy of introducing non discrimination against women in all aspects of life

Answer 39

-schlafly and her allies argued that the ratification of the ERA would mark the end of protective legislation which couldve endangered women -The ratification of ERA would also allow for equality of women at the expense of marriage, family and children -Deprived housewives, normalisation of same sex marriage, gender neutral bathrooms and conscription -ran the STOP ERA campaign

Answer 40

-Lobbying by corporation that didnt want to pay women equal wage sand the insurance industry whose business models were based on sex slowed the ratification of ERA -Now drew inspiration from crm and CRA 1964 to advance womens rights and combat racial discrimination

Answer 41

-Reps enacted feminist legislaiton and the popularity of feminist television programs such as Mary Tyler Moore which fostered widespread belief that fed laws endorsing gender equality were not only feasible but inevitable, era would’ve been ratified in 1975 or 76 if it weren’t for schlafly}

Answer 42

-Sought greater cultural changes beyond legal reforms, engaging in protests like 1968 Miss America pageant peotests to reject commodification of women’s bodies

Answer 43

-Changing social attitudes - there were films about the liberation of women such as the Kiss with Greta Garbo -feature films enabled sophisticated dramas to be created - replaced shorter films - more influence on people’s beliefs -War Films made about WWII and about communism and about Great Depression -Jazz Films made - black jazz performers appear in films like duke Ellington or Bessie smith -Documentaries established - enhanced education as people less likely to read books about historical events but will want to watch -In the South many cinemas were segregated -Many opponents complained about the way women were dressed in the movies and the fact that they glamorised smoking, drinking and crime -Movie stars were expected to behave in a way that suited their screen image eg. handsome bachelors were not allowed to get married off-screen -Some Hollywood stars started attending parties and having casual sex which was reported in the gossip magazines -The Hays Code was introduced in 1929 and all movies had to conform to it up until 1960 -in 1925, there were 20,000 movie theatres, by 1950 there were 24,000 -stars supplemented their income by advertising products and studios made deals with sponsors e.g MGM made $500,000 deal with Coca Cola -many studios built a 'morality’ cause Into their contracts where stars had to sign up to good living -in 1927 ‘The Jazz Singer' was released as the first 'talkie" -In the 1930s and 1940s 90% of all movies worldwide were made in Hollywood -some argued that movies should improve society by containing good moral messages -After WWi people flocked to the cinemas to escape -clara Bow epitomised the flapper genre and many women started to want to dress and look like her -in 1925 49 million people attended the cinema and attendance peaked at 81 million in 1945 -in the late 1930s there were 20 fan magazines for cinema with a circulation of 200,000 to 1 million readers

Answer 44

-Changes in representation -Changing social attitudes -Changing leisure activities -Wider cultural changes -Politics -Technology -Fashion -Social status

Answer 45

-In 1938 war of the Worlds was broadcast on the radio, 1.2 million people said that they had been frightened by the broadcast and some even fled their homes -Father coughlin was a priest who used the radio to spread messages criticising the KKX. During the Depression he supported Roosevelt but later criticised him for not going far enough -To get enough money to keep running many radios began to incorporate advertising -In 1926 the first national radio station, NEC, opened with a broadcast of an American football game -Radio allowed for a rise in mass culture as they all listened in the same room as well as across the country through listening to the same shows -The Radio Act of 1927 set up federal licensing of radio stations and shared out the airwaves -mass production and hire purchase made radios cheap and affordable -during elections radios were able to broadcast the results quicker than the newspapers -in 1920, nobody owned a radio, by 1930 39 million households owned a radio and by 1950 this had risen to 91 million -the first commercial radio stations KDKA started broadcasting in 1920 and 1924 there were 600 commercial stations

Answer 46

-Many jazz players were black which caused people to dislike them -Jazz was considered to be morally lax by conservatives and many dances such as the Charleston were seen as sexually suggestive -The rise of radio and the Depression saw record sales fall in the 1930s -record sales in 1900 were 3 million and rose to 150 million in 1929 -the Introduction of record players and radio allowed jazz to spread across the USA -connected to insanity, drug addiction, the supernatural and criminality e.g. 1920 university of Wisconsin with the young women’s Christian association said that there was a jazz devil -vamps were associated with jazz - liberated women who embraced seductive behaviour -there were 30,000-100,000 speakeasies in New York alone in the mid 1920s & Jazz Age was popularised by F. Scott Fitzgerald (white man) in the 1922 Tales of the Jazz Age with a cover of white individuals dancing to jazz music - shows support of white Americans -played in speakeasies during prohibition that began in 1920 with the volstead act and 18th amendment

Answer 47

A set of guidelines enforced by the MPPDA to regulate the content of films released in the United States between 1930 and 1968 and make films more moral and appropriate

Answer 48

1. Cinema 2. Jazz 3. Radio

Answer 49

-TV was used to increase social equality and justice and raising awareness of certain issues -it first aired on public broadcasting television stations, November 10, 1969 -it was educational - throughout 1970s taught children about racial tolerance and sharing, as well as counting and reading -One of first shows to have a racially balanced cast -Popularity meant that children watching it in well off, all white suburbs absorbed a positive view of other races -1970 – 95% of people in America owned a TV - could watch the programme as there was less choice

Answer 50

1. The Lone Ranger 2. I Love Lucy 3. The Mickey Mouse Clubhouse 4. Kennedy Nixon Debates 5. M*A*S*H 6. Rowan and Martins Laugh-In

Answer 51

-It aired from 1949 to 1957 about the adventures of a cowboy and a Native American (Tonto - who was a positive representation of NAs as he was seen as wise and intelligent but was not portrayed by an NA and some cultural inconsistencies and the name meant someone who was stupid) -It imapcts society as it led to the fight for law and order in the west through its extremely high rating - highest rated on ABC in 1950s as well as increasing the humanity of native Americans through positive representation of NAs at the time

Answer 52

-Sitcom staring some extremely influential figures such as Lucille Ball and Vivian Vance - Lucy was the wife of Cuban bandleader, she was a housewife who wanted a career in show business but is untalented so stays at home, they have a child which switches focus towards parenthood -It impacts society as it was the most watched show on television at the time however it did subject many to societal stereotypes and is evidence of continuity for example Lucy tried jobs outside the home but was portrayed at inept at these and thrived at domestic duties, cementing traditional beliefs

Answer 53

-It premiered in 1955 on ABC to celebrate the opening of Disneyland, this was because walt Disney was adamant that the mouseketeers be regular kids not actors which created a variety show from children with music etc. teens faced challenges in everyday situations due to common sense or by rejecting advice of elders -It impacts society as it increased representation for chidlren, giving them more entertainment as well as highlighting that issues they faced are extremely normal, recognising their importance in consumer culture

Answer 54

-1960 - CBS aired a series of these debates and were broadcast on the radio - there were four with no breaks or adveritisment - Kennedy was seen as more impressive but he lost the poll amongst radio listeners but won amongst TV showing that appearance and present ability mattered -It impacts society as it had 70 million viewers and led to Nixon being more sceptical of the media when he became presdient and Kennedy was presented as better and more confident and in control, which influenced elections and many historians see it as the reason why he got voted in - fewer people watched the later debates and changed how people engaged in politics

Answer 55

-1972 - set during the Korean War and considered issues were relevant to vietnam, following the medical staff of a mobile army surgical hospital who cared for soldiers -It impacts society as it made intentional references to current issues and contributed to the anti war sentiment and protests that occurred

Answer 56

-It made fun of and criticised politicians through sketch shows from 1968-73, drawing on aspects of counter culture and helping to take severity away from the political climate -It impacts society because many of its punchlines became everyday langauge such as ‘sock it to me’ and many of its contributors became household names like goldie hawn - politcal satire in this form reached greater members of the public than serious debates and was the most watched programme on TV for its first 2 seasons. It prompted the public to look at president in a less respectful way and promoted shows focused on cover ups and conspiracy theories about the gov, contributing to a delcine in confidence

Answer 57

-Leisure -Fashion -Politics -Social status -Culture -Technology -Beliefs and moral

Answer 58

Impact of cinema began to decrease, and the impact of cinema increased - the impact of both fluctuated and wasn’t constant - to get A and A*’s

Answer 59

-Reported on major issues and events such as the moon landing -Influence political views -Promote global news stories -Walter Cronkite gave his opinions not just facts but - changed as originally, they just gave facts - his opinoon was so powerful as LBJ lost support of middle America after Cronkite opposed Vietnam

Answer 60

1. Depression 2. Second World War 3. Second red scare 4. Vietnam war 5. Watergate 6. Jimmy Carter

Answer 61

Radio -Radio talks restored confidence and trust in the banks - done by FDR -Reports of the stockamrket crisis fuelled fears about falling share prices - caused people to panic -Newspapers also did this too

Answer 62

Radio -Ed Murrow became a news reporter, reporting on the front line and accompanying 20 bomb missions -no negatives

Answer 63

TV -Exposed McCarthy as a liar and a bully through film and audio clips in 1954 which lowered his support -Ed Murrow was a presented on CBS news where he broadcast a story on the red scare about a young man who lost his job as his family were communist sympathisers in 1953 -Media published the ideas of McCarty whcih increased and Intensified the scare

Answer 64

TV -Walter Cronkite in 1968 was critical of Vietnam and aired the tet offensive - someone they trusted was criticising a government they weren’t sure about -Exposed the gov and encouraged transparency through showing that the war was being wasteful through newspapers, radio reports and photos etc. -Reporting was generally neutral -Fears were confirmed which lead to paranoia and a decline in confidence -Even in 1965, CBS news showed marines burning the village of Cam Ne with no rebels being found

Answer 65

TV -Allowed for greater transparency -250 hours of watergate hearing -The most dramatic and important bits were broadcast on the news -It presenter said that these broadcasts were done so people had a chance to see the whole thing and make their judgements -Generated fear and decline in confidence - improtnat officials declared that Nixon knew about the burglary that he denied knowing about

Answer 66

TV -They had a positive relationship originally - 60 to 70% support in first months -The media changed quite quickly and presented him as incompentent and only focused on things that highlighted this

Unit 1.3: Society & Culture in Change Flashcards

(90 cards)