Unit 14

Question 1

The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.

Answer 1

Attribution theory

Question 2

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Answer 2

Fundamental attribution error

Question 3

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Answer 3

Social psychology

Question 4

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Answer 4

Attitude

Question 5

Attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

Answer 5

Central route persuasion

Question 6

Attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness

Answer 6

Peripheral route persuasion

Question 7

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a lager request.

Answer 7

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Question 8

A set of expectations( norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Answer 8

Role

Question 9

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort ( dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts ( cognition) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

Answer 9

Cognitive dissonance theory

Question 10

Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Answer 10

Conformity

Question 11

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Answer 11

Normative social influence

Question 12

Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others opinions about reality

Answer 12

Informational social influence

Question 13

Stronger responses on simple or well- learned tasks in the presence of others

Answer 13

Social facilitation

Question 14

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Answer 14

Social loafing

Question 15

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Answer 15

Deindividuation

Question 16

The enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

Answer 16

Group polarization

Question 17

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision- making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Answer 17

Groupthink

Question 18

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Answer 18

Culture

Question 19

An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Prescribe “ proper” behavior.

Answer 19

Norm

Question 20

The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.

Answer 20

Personal space

Question 21

An unjustifiable ( and usually negative) attitude toward a group and it’s members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and predisposition to discriminatory action.

Answer 21

Prejudice

Question 22

A generalized ( sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

Answer 22

Stereotype

Question 23

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and it’s members

Answer 23

Discrimination

Question 24

“Us”- people with whom we share a common identity.

Answer 24

Ingroup

Question 25

” them”- those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

Answer 25

Outgroup

Question 26

The tendency to favor our own group

Answer 26

Ingroup bias

Question 27

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Answer 27

Scapegoat theory

Question 28

The tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.

Answer 28

Other-race effect

Question 29

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Answer 29

Just-world phenomenon

Question 30

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

Answer 30

Aggression

Question 31

The principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression.

Answer 31

Frustration- aggression principle

Question 32

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

Answer 32

Mere exposure effect

Question 33

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

Answer 33

Passionate love

Question 34

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Answer 34

Companionate love

Question 35

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give it

Answer 35

Equity

Question 36

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Answer 36

Self- disclosure

Question 37

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Answer 37

Altruism

Question 38

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Answer 38

Bystander effect

Question 39

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Answer 39

Social exchange theory

Question 40

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Answer 40

Reciprocity norm

Question 41

An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

Answer 41

Social -responsibility norm

Question 42

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

Answer 42

Conflict

Question 43

A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self- interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Answer 43

Social trap

Question 44

Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Answer 44

Mirror-image perceptions

Question 45

A belief that leads to it’s own fulfillment

Answer 45

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 46

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Answer 46

Super ordinate goals

Question 47

Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension- reduction- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

Answer 47

GRIT