Unit 14: Social Psychology

Question 1

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Answer 1

social psychology

Question 2

More likely to attribute good events to dispositions and bad events to situations.

Answer 2

optimists

Question 3

More likely to suffer from depression, will make dispositional attributions for bad events and situational attributions for good events.

Answer 3

pessimists

Question 4

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior buy crediting either the situation of the person’s disposition.

Answer 4

attribution theory

Question 5

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Answer 5

fundamental attribution error

Question 6

the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them.

Answer 6

looking glass effect

Question 7

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

Answer 7

attitude

Question 8

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

Answer 8

peripheral route persuasion

Question 9

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Answer 9

central route persuasion

Question 10

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Answer 10

role

Question 11

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and out actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

Answer 11

cognitive dissonance theory

Question 12

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

Answer 12

social facilitation

Question 13

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Answer 13

social loafing

Question 14

the loss of self-awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Answer 14

deindividuation

Question 15

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

Answer 15

group polarization

Question 16

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire from harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Answer 16

groupthink

Question 17

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Answer 17

culture

Question 18

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. … prescribe “proper” behavior.

Answer 18

norm

Question 19

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. … generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Answer 19

prejudice

Question 20

a generalized (sometimes accurate but ofter overgeneralized) belief about a group or people.

Answer 20

stereotype

Question 21

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

Answer 21

discrimination

Question 22

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore et what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Answer 22

just-world phenomenon

Question 23

“us” - people with whom we share a common identity

Answer 23

ingroup

Question 24

“them” - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Answer 24

outgroup

Question 25

the tendency to favor our own group

Answer 25

ingroup bias

Question 26

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Answer 26

scapegoat theory

Question 27

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. also called the cross-race effect or the own-race bias.

Answer 27

other-race effect

Question 28

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Answer 28

aggression

Question 29

the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression

Answer 29

frustration-aggression principle

Question 30

culturally modeled guide for ow to act in various situations.

Answer 30

social script

Question 31

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

Answer 31

mere exposure

Question 32

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

Answer 32

passionate love

Question 33

the deep affectionate attachment with whom our lives are intertwined.

Answer 33

companionate love

Question 34

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Answer 34

equity

Question 35

revealing intimate aspect of oneself to others.

Answer 35

self-disclosure

Question 36

unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Answer 36

altruism

Question 37

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Answer 37

bystander effect

Question 38

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the am of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Answer 38

social exchange theory

Question 39

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Answer 39

reciprocity norm

Question 40

an expectation that people will help those needing their help.

Answer 40

social-responsibility norm

Question 41

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

Answer 41

conflict

Question 42

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Answer 42

social trap

Question 43

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Answer 43

mirror-image perceptions

Question 44

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

Answer 44

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 45

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Answer 45

superordinate goals