Unit 8 (Motivation, Emotion, and Stress)

Question 1

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Answer 1

motivation

Question 2

a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species

Answer 2

instinct

Question 3

Instinct theory - naturally predisposed behaviors
Drive reduction theory - how our inner drives and our external pulls interact
Arousal theory - focuses on finding the right level of stimulation
Abraham’s hierarchy of needs - discusses how some needs take precedence over others

Answer 3

4 perspectives for viewing motivational behavior

Question 4

idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tensions state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Answer 4

drive-reduction theory

Question 5

tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Answer 5

homeostasis

Question 6

focuses on physical conditions such as hunger, thirst and temperature

Answer 6

biological homeostasis

Question 7

involved mental conditions such as consistent, balance, and harmony in one’s thinking-that is seeking equity in the surrounding community, prioritizing one’s life, and promoting peace with the self and others

Answer 7

cognitive homeostasis

Question 8

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Answer 8

incentive

Question 9

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Answer 9

Yerkes-Dodson theory

Question 10

argues that people differ in the amount of stimulation they need or want

Answer 10

Myron Zuckerman

Question 11

Four Forms of sensation seeking

Answer 11

Thrill and adventure seeking - people may seek excitement in risk but socially acceptable activities such as skydiving, racing
Experience seeking - this represents the desire to seek sensation through the mind, the senses, and nonconforming lifestyle
Disinhibition - those who have chose a middle class lifestyle but find it boring may seek escape in social drinking and partying
Boredom susceptibility - this occurs when people have a low tolerance for experiences that are repetitious or constant

Question 12

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When the level is low, we feel hunger

Answer 12

Glucose

Question 13

this neural traffic intersection includes areas that influence eating. For example, one neural arc, has a center that secretes appetite-stimulating hormones, and another center that secretes appetite-suppressing hormones

Answer 13

Hypothalamus

Question 14

hormone secreted by pancreas, controls blood glucose

Answer 14

Insulin

Question 15

hormone secreted by empty stomach, sends the i’m hungry signal

Answer 15

Ghrelin

Question 16

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

Answer 16

Orexin

Question 17

protein hormone secreted by fat cells, when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism to decrease hunger

Answer 17

Leptin

Question 18

Digestive tract hormone, sends i’m not hungry signals to brain

Answer 18

PYY (peptide tyrosine tyrosine)

Question 19

part of the brain that controls the desire to eat. When stimulated, eating does not cease.

Answer 19

Lateral hypothalamus (Large Hunger)

Question 20

part of the brain that controls satiety. When stimulated, act as though you have already eaten.

Answer 20

Ventromedial hypothalamus (Very Minute Hunger)

Question 21

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Answer 21

sexual response cycle

Question 22

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot acheive another orgasm

Answer 22

refractory period

Question 23

a problem that consistently impairs sequal arousal or functioning

Answer 23

sexual dysfunction

Question 24

sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by femailes than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhumnan female mammals estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

Answer 24

estrogens

Question 25

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both genders have it. The presence of it stimulates the growth of male sex organs.

Answer 25

testosterone

Question 26

The sexual response stages are similar to...

Answer 26

Han Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Question 27

a response of the organism involving 1) physiological arousal 2) expressive behaviors 3) conscious experience

Answer 27

emotion

Question 28

the theory that our experience of emotion is out awareness of out physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Answer 28

James-Lange Theory

Question 29

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers 1) physiological responses 2) the subjective experience of emotion

Answer 29

Cannon-Bard Theory

Question 30

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must 1) be physically aroused and 2) cognitively label the arousal

Answer 30

two-factor theory

Question 31

a machine. commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as prespiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.

Answer 31

polygraph

Question 32

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.

Answer 32

facial feedback effect

Question 33

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

Answer 33

health psychology

Question 34

literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress- related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

Answer 34

psychophysiological illness

Question 35

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

Answer 35

psychoneuroimmunology

Question 36

the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B ...form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T ... form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

Answer 36

lymphocytes

Question 37

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

Answer 37

coronary heart disease

Question 38

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, heard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive. and anger-prone people

Answer 38

Type A

Question 39

the point at which an individual’s weight thermostat is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Answer 39

Set Point

Question 40

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

Answer 40

Basal Metabolic Rate

Question 41

influences on the psychology of hunger

Answer 41

Cultural influence Taste aversion Environmental factors Genetic predispositions Neophobia - dislike of things unfamiliar

Question 42

We eat to

Answer 42

relieve hunger, to feel comforted, to socialize, or to relieve boredom

Question 43

people refuse to eat for a variety of reasons

Answer 43

to exert control, lose weight, make a political statement

Question 44

sexual response cycle

Answer 44

the four stages of sexual responding described by masters and johnson Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution

Question 45

resting period after orgasm during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

Answer 45

refractory period

Question 46

problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

Answer 46

sexual dysfunction

Question 47

sex hormones such as estradiol secreted in greater amounts by females than males contributing to female sex characteristics

Answer 47

estrogens

Question 48

most important of male sex hormones. Both males and females have it but the additional testosterone in males stimulate the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

Answer 48

testosterone

Question 49

The sexual response stages are similar to hans selye’s general adaptation syndrome which describes the boyd’s physiological response to stress

Answer 49

1 - alarm reaction phase - body recognizes and prepares to address the stress 2 - resistance phase in which the body fights the stress for an indefinite amount of time 3 - finally body either conquers the stress or exhausts the recourses

Question 50

emtion

Answer 50

Physiological arousal Expressive behaviors Conscious experience

Question 51

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events called stressors that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Answer 51

stress

Question 52

selys concepts of the body’s adaptive responses to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Answer 52

general adaptation syndrome

Question 53

response under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others and to bond with and seek support from others

Answer 53

Tend-and-Befriend

Question 54

literally “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness such as hypertensions and headaches

Answer 54

psychophysiological illness

Question 55

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

Answer 55

psychoneuroimmunology

Question 56

the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system B ... form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections T ... form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

Answer 56

lymphocytes

Question 57

form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

Answer 57

B lymphocytes

Question 58

form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

Answer 58

T lymphocytes

Question 59

clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; leading cause of death in many developed countries

Answer 59

coronary heart disease

Question 60

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Answer 60

Type A

Question 61

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

Answer 61

Type B