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Anatomy class > Unit 14: The brain and the basal ganglia > Flashcards

Unit 14: The brain and the basal ganglia Flashcards

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1
Q

What anatomical components are important in the lateral sulcus of the brain?

A

Superior sinus of the temporal lobe - auditory cortex
Deep to the lateral sulcus - the insula - gustatory and sensorimotor functioning.

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2
Q

What seperates the parietal and the occpital lobe?

A

The parieto-occipital sulcus

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3
Q

What sulcus is important for identifying the primary visual cortex?

A

Calcarine sulcus

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4
Q

What meningeal structure seperates the left and right cerebellum?

A

The falx cerebelli

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5
Q

What are the different ways the cerebellum can be separated?

A

Left and right by vermis (superior and inferior part)
The primary fissure - divided into the anterior and posterior lobe
The horizontal lobe - divided posterior into the inferior and superior lobe

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6
Q

What structure can be found on the inferior surface of the cerebellum?

A

The tonsil (note can be displaced through foramen magnum)

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7
Q

What structures are found on the ventral surface of the cerebellum? (Aka facing the brainstem)

A

The nodule - continuation of the inferior vermis
The flocculus
Together form the flocculonodular lobe (functional lobe)

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8
Q

What is the cerebellar folia?

A

Appearance of cerebellum - leaf-like.
Grey matter around outside and also in channels within, surrounded by white matter which extends within as channels (tree branches)

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9
Q

Describe the location of the cerebellar arteries in relation to the basilar artery

A

Superior cerebellar - branch from basilar before becomes posterior cerebral
Anterior infer - just before basilar runs over pons
Posterior inferior - just before unification of vertebral to form basilar

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10
Q

What do the different cerebellar arteries supply?

A

Superior - superior portion of anterior lobe
Ant inf - flocculus, sup posterior lobe, and potentially inferior posterior lobe
Post inf - inferior vermis and inferior position of the posterior lobe.

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11
Q

What is the basic function of the cerebellum?

A

Involved in motor control on the unconscious level.
Mainly influences action of the ipsilateral side

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12
Q

What is the vestibulocerebellum and what is its function?

A

Flocculonodular lobe/vermis
1. balance and control
2 posture
3. Gaze control

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13
Q

What is the spinocerebellum and what is its function?

A

Made from the vermis, paravermis and the anterior lobe
1. posture
2. Monotr and correct motor activity
3. coordination

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14
Q

What is the cerebrocerebellum and what is its function?

A

The lateral hemispheres
1. coordination
2, motor learning
3. Initiation of movement

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15
Q

What are the three different functional division of the cerebellum?

A

Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellar

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16
Q

What are the signs and functions of cerebellar dysfunction?

A

DANISH
Dysdiochokinesia - inability to perform rapid alternating movements
Ataxia - coordination
Nystagum - r,r,i eye
Intention tremor
Slurred speech
Hypotonia

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17
Q

What structures are associated with the ventricles?

A

The caudate nucleus
The thalamus

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18
Q

Where is CSF producted?

A

Choroid plexus - invagination of vascular pia matter into roof of lateral 3rd and 4th ventricles

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19
Q

What is the diaphragm sella?

A

Forms a dural roof over the pituitary gland

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20
Q

Where is the cavernous sinus located?
What does it drain into?

A

Bilateral plexus of drain
Found lateral to the sella turcia
Drains into the sigmoidal sinus via the superior petrosal sinus
Or into the internal jugular vein via the inferior petrosal sinus

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21
Q

What is the great cerebral vein?
What is its function?

A

Deep vein of the cerebrum
Other deep veins drain into it.
In combines with the inferior sagittal sinus to drain into the straight sinus.

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22
Q

What are the tributaries for the greater cerebral vein?

A

The internal cerebral veins (Left and right) - thalamus and choroid plexus of 3rd and lateral ventricles
Basal veins - midbrain structures.
These are the deep cerebral veins.

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23
Q

How can the superficial cerebral veins be classified?

A

Superior cerebral vein
Superficial middle cerebral vein
Both are present on the left and the right.

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24
Q

What is the role of the superior cerebral vein?

A

Travels superiorly up the lateral brain to drain into the superior sagittal sinus

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25
What is the drainage route of the superficial cerebral vein?
Travels along the lateral fissure 1. Drain into superior sagittal sinus via a superior anastomotic vein 2. Drains into the transverse sinus via an inferior anastomotic vein 3. Extends internally into the cavernous sinus.
26
How do the basal ganglia affect movement?
Indirectly via regulating the activity of the thalamus and the primary motor cortex. Via a balance of activity between the indirect and direct pathway.
27
What is the direct pathway of the basal ganglia?
The cerebral cortex and have glumatinergic projections to activate the striatum. The striatum has GABAerigc projections to inhibit the GP internal and the SN pars reticulata. Therefore reducing inhibitory GABAerigc projections from the GP internal and the SN pars reticulata to the thalamus This enables the thalamus to communicate with M1 to initiate movement.
28
What is the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia?
1. The cerebral cortex has glutaminergic projections to activate the subthalamic nucleus 2. The cerebral cortex glutaminergic projections active the straitum, which has GABAerig projections into the GP external, this reduced GABAerig inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus via the GP external The activate subthalamic nucleus has glutaminergic projections to the GP internal and SN pars reticularis. These have GABAergic projections to inhibit the thalamus, prevent communication with M1, this inhibits unwanted movements.
29
How does the substania nigra pars compacta modulate the indirect pathway of basal ganglia?
Has dopaminergic projections to inhibit the striatum This results in maintained inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus. Hence the GP internal and SN pars reticular is not activated, the thalamus is not inhibited. Therefore enables movement to occur.
30
What are the three different loops of the basal ganglia?
1. Motor control 2. Limbic control 3. Associative loop
31
What is the motor loop of the basal ganglia?
input from the M1 and S1, balance of indirect (suppress unwanted movement) and the direct (inc wanted movement) to thalamus results in smooth movement control.
32
What is the function of the cognitive/association loop of the basal ganglia?
For motor learning and cognitive processing For learning and evaluation movement - deciding what is the most effective solution Active during training to complete motor skills. Streamlines motor processes by separating successful from unsuccessful during learning. Projections from many cortical areas to the cuadate nucleus, particularly the nucleus accumbens (rewards confirming dopamingeric connections - reward after successful completion of a task), then projects to thalamus via direct and indirect pathways. Projects back to cortical areas.
33
What is the role of the limbic loop?
Links basal ganglia to emotional processing areas - mediates postures, gestures and expressions related to emotion. Limbic circuit hippocampus, amygdala and limbic lobe all project to the caudate nucleus, particularly the nucleus accumbens with dopaminergic properties. Then projects via indirect and direct pathway to the thalamus, decides what emotion expression to suppress and what to express. Thalamus projects back to the cerebral cortex.
34
What makes up the dorsal striatum?
The caudate and the putamen
35
What is the ventral striatum?
Consits of the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle that regulates function of the limbic system. (motivation, affect and reward)
36
What is the ventral palladium?
A component of the limbic loop of the basal ganglia.
37
What is the emrbyological origin of the subthalamic nucleus?
The diencephalon
38
Where is the substantia nigra located?
The midbrain
39
What structure is damaged during Parkinsons disease?
The substantia nigra.
40
What are the orange labels on this coronal cross section.
Thalamus Putamen Globus pallidus externus Globus pallidus internus Subthalamic nuclei Substantia nigra Tail of caudate nuclei Globus pallidus Body of the caudate nucleus
41
What are the purple labels on this image?
Choroid plexus Temporal horn of the lateral ventricle 3rd ventricle Body of the later ventricle
42
What are the green labels on this image?
Corpus callosum INternal capsule External capsule Mamillary bodies Hippocampus Body of fornix
43
What are the lenticular nucleus?
Internal subcortical structure, bound by the internal and external capsule - contain the globus pallidus internus, externus and the putamen.
44
What are the blue labels on the image?
Cingulate gyrus Claustrum Optic tract Insular lobe
45
What are the two different division of the corpus callosum?
The forceps minor - anterior The forceps major - posterior
46
Label the structures on the transverse section of the brain?
Corpus callosum - forceps minor Caudate head Putamen GPe GPi Thalamus Caudate tail Corpus callosum - forceps major Internal capsule - anterior and psoteror limb Claustrum
47
List the different cranial nerves and where in they exit the brain (e,g cerebral cortex, midbrain etc)
Olfactory - cerebral cortex o - cerebral cortex o - midbrain t -midbrain t - pons a - pontomedullary junction f - pontomedually junction v - pontomedullary junction g - medulla v - medulla a - medulla h - medulla
48
What are the different Bamford classification of stroke?
Lacunar infarct Total anterior circulation infarcts (TACI) Partial anterior circulation infarct (PACI) Posterior circulation infarcts (POCI)
49
What is a lacunar stroke?
A subcortical stroke - occurs secondary to small vessel disease. No loss of higher cerebral function. Only one of the following needs to be present: - pure sensory stroke - pure motor stroke - sensorimotor stroke (contralateral motor and sensory loss) - ataxic hemiparesis (ipsilateral ataxia and paresis)
50
What is a total anterior circulation stroke?
A large cortical stroke affecting areas of the brain supplied by both the middle and the anterior cerebral arteries. All three of the following need to be present: - unilateral weakness of face/arm/leg - homonymous hemianopia - higher cerebral dysfunction (visuospatial disorder 'aka unable to recognise faces' or dysphasia)
51
What is a partial anterior circulation stroke?
A less severe TACS, only part of the anterior circulation has been compromised. Two of the following must be present: - unilateral weakness (face, arm and leg) - homonymous hemianopia - higher cerebral dysfunction (dysphasia, visuospatial disorder_
52
What is a posterior circulation syndrome?
Damage to the brain supplied by posterior circulation e.g cerebellum and brainstem. One of the following must be present for diagnosis of POCS: - cranial nerve palsy and a contralateral motor/sensory deficit. - bilateral motor/sensory deficit - conjugate eye movement disorder - cerebellar dysfunction (vertigo, ataxia) - isolated homonymous hemianopia.
53
Identify the features of the midbrain
Cerebral aquaduct Red nucleus CN3 fibres Crus cerebri (motor component of the cerebral peduncles) Substantia nigra CN3 nucleus Superior colliculi
54
Identify the features of the pons
The superior cerebellar peduncle Middle cerebellar peduncle Corticospinal fibres CNV fibres 4th ventricle
55
identify the features of the medulla
Dorsal motor nucleus of CNX CNXII nucleus CNXII fibres Pyramids Olives
56
Identify the features of the medulla
Pyramids Medial lemniscus Nucleus cuneate Nucleus gracilis
57
Identify the features of the midbrain
CN4 nucleus Crus cerebri Substantia nigra Red nucleus Inferior colliculus
58
What is structure 2?
Caudate nucleus
59
What is structure A?
4th ventricle
60
This is a cross section of whic structure?
Midbrain
61
Which of the following structures has a role in the limbic system?
B - mamillary bodies
62
What structure is most associated with emotion and fear?
4 - amygdala
63
Which of the following subcortical structures is a major relay station for sensory and motor information?
4 - thalamus
64
In which region is the hippocampus?
Region 3
65
Fibres in this (ventral pontine) region carry which type of information.
Motor
66
What fibres types are found in region 1?
Commissual fibres Aka corpus callosum
67
What strucutre is involved in homeostatis, feed behaviour and plays a role in the endocrine system?
4 - the hypothalamus
68
What is the difference between association fibres, projection fibres, commissural fibres and interneurons?
Association - a project between nearby regions on same side of cortex. Projection fibres - .connects the cortex to other regions in the CNS e.g brainstem or cerebellum Commissural fibre - connects to hemispheres of the brain Interneurons - found in the spinal cord, connect motor and sensory neurons as well are varies signalling pathways.
69
What structures connect the cerebellum to the brainstem?
White matter tracts The superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
70
What is the basic function of the cerebellum?
Control of movement
71
Describe the anatomical location of the cerebellum.
Within the posterior cranial fossa of the skull Portion of the hindbrain Caudal to the cerebrum and tentorium cerebelli Dorsal to the brainstem. Connects to midbrain, pons and medulla via the superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles.
72
What is the posterolateral fissure of the cerebellum?
Demarcates the flocculonodular lobe Seperates from the corpus cerebelli from flocculonodular lobe.

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