Unit 14 week 3 Flashcards

Question

motor function: indirect pathway

Answer 1

STOP 1. the cortex send excitatory signals to the striatum, activating its inhibitory function. 2. these inhibitory neurones from the striatum deactivate the globus pallidus ext. 3. the globus pallidus can then no longer inhibit the subthalamus, stopping its excitation of the glob pallidus interna and substantia nigra pars reticula which inhibit the thalamus from initiating movement. 1. the thalamus is stopped from going go via GABA from the substantia nigra pars reticulum and the globus pallidus interna. 2. This inhibitory action by the SNPR and GPI is activated by the SN sending glutamate. 3. The SN is activated by glutamate from the cortex and is no longer inhibited by the GABA from the GPE. 4. The GPE's inhibitory effect on the SN is inhibited when the striatum is activated by the cortex

Answer 2

dopamine is a **monoamine catecholamine NT** * dopamine neurones are concentrated in the Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb and retina * the largest dopamine pathway is the **nigrostriatal pathway** (SN--\>Stria) which increases the initation of movement * dopamine receptors are **GPCR's** * **dopamine transporters remove dopamine from the synaptic cleft** * ***_functions:_*** movement, reward, memory, lactation, sleep regulation, motivation Depending which receptor it binds to, DA can be excitatory or inhibitory **D1= excitatory** direct **D2= inhibitory indirect** ***_direct:_*** you want to go from walking to running. Direct pathway kicks in. Substantia nigra sends of dopamine signals to the striatum, more inhibition of GPI, lets thalamus run wild. if you lose dopamine, this extra muscle excitation is lost. ***_indirect:_*** you want to go from running to walking. substantia nigra finetunes this, prevents you from drastically stopping on spot. lose dopamine, less striatum activation, movement turned out too much dopamine regulates pleasure in the brain mesocorticolimbic pathway ( ventral tegmental area  prefrontal cortex  nucleus accumbens) more dopamine more pleasure ![]()

Answer 3

**_Essential tremor_**- appears on both sides of the body and is an action tremor. **_Dystonic tremor_** – caused by dystonia (a movement disorder where incorrect messages from the brain cause muscle to be overactive which results in unwanted movements **_Cerebellar tremor_** – slow, high-amplitude tremor of the extremities that occurs at the end of a postural movement (such as trying to press a button) **_Parkinsonian tremor_** – shaking in one or both hands at rest. May initially appear in one limb or just one side of the body (can be made worse by stress) physiological- everyone has on e

Answer 4

Parkinsonism (also called atypical Parkinson’s or Parkinson’s plus) refers to a group of neurological disorders that cause problems with movement such as tremors, bradykinesia and stiffness. Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative brain disorder and is used to describe the idiopathic Parkinsonism syndrome. Symptoms are similar and early on in the disease it can be hard to differentiate parkinsonism from PD. However, Parkinsonism’s tend to progress more rapidly and present with additional symptoms such as early falling, dementia or hallucinations and typically do not respond or only for a short time to levodopa therapy.

Answer 5

Drug-induced parkinsonism can be difficult to distinguish from PD – although tremors and postural instability may be less severe. Usually due to drugs that affect dopamine levels in the brain such as antipsychotics, some CCBs and stimulants like amphetamines and cocaine. If individual stops taking the drug symptoms usually subside – may take up to 18 months. Amphetamine-type stimulants share structural features with catecholamine neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline and dopamine, been found to affect dopaminergic transmission & function and induce dopamine depletion.

Answer 6

* you have to let DVLA know * you might not lose license if you pass tests to prove that you are competent * GP has no legal duty if they think that you are ok. if they don't think that you've contacted dvla then they are supposed to * bus pass

Answer 7

***_Compliance_*** is a passive behavior in which a patient is following a list of instructions from the doctor. ***_Adherence_*** is a more positive, proactive behavior, which results in a lifestyle change by the patient, who must follow a daily regimen such as wearing a prescribed brace.

Answer 8

Soon, mobile phone speech recognition may diagnose Parkinson’s, not necessarily with the user’s permission to run test Movement disorders also being detected by touchscreens, wearables Valuable data for early detection (treatment?) of neurological symptoms Mining stored data post-diagnosis could determine when changes occurred Could help research into causes of neurodegenerative conditions- Often well- advanced at diagnosis

Answer 9

alcohol withdrawal can casue a tremo-- differential diagnosis

Answer 10

tryptophan --\> l-dopa --\> dopamine

Answer 11

Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics, are a class of psychotropic medication primarily used to manage psychosis can cause parkinsons if made poorly

Answer 12

brain works quicker than body- seen as slow masked facial demeanour- seen as dour personality all of the hidden non visible symptoms People with Parkinsons not i have parkinsons speech and language therapists + physios