unit 1A

Question 1

The oldest records of the use of therapeutic nants and minerals are derived from the ancient
civilizations of the

Answer 1

Chinese, Hindus, Mayans of Central America, and Mediterranean people of antiquity

Question 2

a book describing drugs,
chemicals, and medicinal preparations
especially: one issued by an otticially recognized authority and serving as a standard.

Answer 2

Pharmacopeia

Question 3

compiled a book about herbs, which includes ch’ang shang, an antimalarial alkaloid, and ma huang, (treatment of hypotension) from which ephedrine was isolated.

Answer 3

Scholar Emperor Shen Nung (2735 BC)

Question 4

an antimalarial alkaloid

Answer 4

ch’ang shang

Question 5

ephedrine was isolated from this plant

Answer 5

ma huang (treatment for hypotension)

Question 6

was known to the indigenous American Indians for a treatment to various skin problems such as psoriasis and eczema

Answer 6

Chaulmoogra fruit

Question 7

contains emetine and was used in Brazil for the treatment of dysentery and diarrhea.

Answer 7

Ipecacuanha root

Question 8

a class of medications used to induce nausea and vomiting for the emergency treatment of poisoning with certain toxins that have been swallowed.

Answer 8

emetic agents

Question 9

The early explorers found that the South American Indians also chewed these and used as hallucinogens.

Answer 9

coca leaves (containing cocaine)
mushrooms (containing tryptamine)

Question 10

herbs found in ancient Greek apothecary shops

Answer 10

opium (non synthetic narcotic)
squill (expectorant)
hyoscyamus (treats pain and a local anesthetic)
viper toxin

Question 11

metallic drugs found in ancient Greek apothecary shops

Answer 11

copper
zinc ores
iron sulfate
cadmium oxide

Question 12

the first father of Toxicology (1493– 1541) who used Antimony as a purgative and gained much popularity after it was used to cure Louis XIV.

Answer 12

Paracelsus (Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim)

Question 13

It is also used to treat people infected with certain types of parasites; such as people who have schistosomiasis.

Answer 13

Antimony

Question 14

they refined and extended the techniques of chemical analysis. The emphasis was shifted from finding new medicaments from the vast world of plants to finding the active ingredients that accounted for their pharmacologic properties.

Answer 14

European chemists

Question 15

German chemist synthesized acetic acid in 1845.

Answer 15

Hermann Kolbe

Question 16

French chemist synthesized methane in 1856.

Answer 16

Pierre-Eugène-Marcellin Berthelot

Question 17

He isolated morphine in 1803.

Answer 17

Friedrich Wilhelm Sertürner

Question 18

He isolated emetine in 1816.

Also had significant contributions in purification of caffeine (CNS Stimulant), quinine (anti- malarial), and colchicine (anti-gout) in 1820.

Answer 18

Pierre-Joseph Pelletier

Question 19

the English physician and botanist who used digitalis for the treatment of dropsy.

Answer 19

William Withering

Question 20

German chemist, isolated cocaine in 1860 and the active ingredient, physostigmine (treatment of Glaucoma and antidote for atropine poisoning), from the calabar bean in 1864.

Answer 20

Albert Niemann

Question 21

Domagk reported that this red dyestuff (2,4- diaminoazobenzene-4′-sulfonamide) dramatically cured dangerous, systemic Gram- positive bacterial infections in man and animals.

Answer 21

Prontosil

Question 22

the first antibacterial drug, (introduced 1935) and the first of the sulfonamide antibiotics.

Answer 22

Prontosil

Question 23

in 1940, they observed that the bacteriostatic action of sulfonamide-like drugs was antagonized by PABA (Para-aminobenzoic Acid)

Answer 23

Woods and Fildes

Question 24

β-lactam antibiotics discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 and its subsequent examination by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain in 1938.

Answer 24

Penicillin

Question 25

When did Florey’s team successfully cured infected mice with penicillin?

Answer 25

May 25, 1940

Question 26

What is Penicillin known as for curing infectious disease and saving millions of lives?

Answer 26

War’s “Miracle Drug”

Question 27

When were Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Chain, Sir Howard Florey awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine “for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.”?

Answer 27

1945

Question 28

were used to modify the mood and mental states of psychiatric patients.

Answer 28

Stimulants and Depressants

Question 29

were used to stimulate or depress the mental states of patients.

Answer 29

Amphetamine Sedatives Hypnotics

Question 30

The synthesis of ____ by Charpentier ultimately caused a revolution in the treatment of schizophrenia.

Answer 30

chlorpromazine (CPZ)

Question 31

Where did Charpentier first synthesized the molecule in 1950?

Answer 31

Rhone-Poulenc's research laboratory

Question 32

He reported distinctive effects on animal behavior

Answer 32

Simon Courvoisier

Question 33

a French military surgeon who first noticed distinctive psychotropic effects in man

Answer 33

Henri Laborit

Question 34

French psychiatrists who clearly outlined what has now become CPZ’s accepted use in psychiatry and without whose endorsement and prestige, Rhone-Poulenc might never have developed it further as an antipsychotic. They introduced chlorpromazine to the world

Answer 34

Pierre Deniker and Jean Delay

Question 35

Chlorpromazine became available as ___

Answer 35

Largactil

Question 36

The first pure hormone to be isolated from an endocrine gland

Answer 36

Epinephrine

Question 37

In 1914, this biochemist isolated thyroxine (T4) from the thyroid gland. He subsequently won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950 for his discovery of the activity of cortisone.

Answer 37

Edward Kendall

Question 38

A major achievement in drug discovery and development in 1921 from animal sources.

Answer 38

discovery of insulin

Question 39

a hormone created by your pancreas, it regulates your body's metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Answer 39

Insulin

Question 40

By 1922, researchers, with the help of this Canadian biochemist and the pharmaceutical industry, were able to purify and produce animal-based insulin in large quantities.

Answer 40

James B. Collip

Question 41

In the early 1930s, he found that for hundreds of years, Mexican women had been eating wild yams of the Dioscorea genus for contraception.

Answer 41

Russell Marker

Question 42

Marker determined that it is abundant in yams and has a structure similar to that of progesterone.

Answer 42

diosgenin

Question 43

In 1950, this chemist working at the Syntex Laboratories in Mexico City, synthesized norethindrone, the first orally active contraceptive steroid, by a subtle modification of the structure of progesterone.

Answer 43

Carl Djerassi

Question 44

the first orally active contraceptive steroid, by a subtle modification of the structure of progesterone.

Answer 44

norethindrone

Question 45

The first use of synthetic organic chemicals for the modulation of life processes occurred when these were introduced in anesthesia during the 1840s.

Answer 45

nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform

Question 46

a dentist in Hartford, Connecticut, administered nitrous oxide during a tooth extraction.

Answer 46

Horace Wells

Question 47

A Georgia physician who employed ether as an anesthetic for excising a growth on a patient's neck.

Answer 47

Crawford Long

Question 48

A dentist who gave the first successful public demonstration of surgical anesthesia on October 16, 1846, at the surgical amphitheater that is now called the Ether Dome at. Massachusetts General Hospital.

Answer 48

William Morton

Question 49

When did Paracelsus (1493– 1541) popularize the use of opium in Europe?

Answer 49

In the sixteenth century

Question 50

An alcoholic solution of opium in the sixteenth century.

Answer 50

laudanum

Question 51

It was first isolated in pure crystalline form from opium in 1803 by the German apothecary Friedrich W. Sertürner, who named the compound “morphium,” after Morpheus, the Greek God of Dreams.

Answer 51

Morphine

Question 52

Friedrich W. Sertürner named the compound after Morpheus, the Greek God of Dreams.

Answer 52

morphium

Question 53

Since antiquity, alcoholic beverages and potions containing laudanum, an alcoholic extract of opium, and various other plant products have been used to __?

Answer 53

induce sleep

Question 54

were used in the middle of the nineteenth century as a sedative-hypnotic, as was chloral hydrate, paraldehyde, urethane, and sulfenal.

Answer 54

Bromides

Question 55

It was synthesized by the Bayer Pharmaceutical Company and introduced to the market under the name Luminal. The compound was effective as a hypnotic, but it also exhibited anticonvulsant properties.

Answer 55

Phenobarbital

Question 56

Modification of the barbituric acid molecule also led to the development of the ___.

Answer 56

hydantoins

Question 57

It is also known as diphenylhydantoin or Dilantin, and was first synthesized in 1908, but its anticonvulsant properties were not discovered until 1938.

Answer 57

Phenytoin

Question 58

Because it was not a sedative at ordinary doses, it established that anti-seizure drugs need not induce drowsiness.

Answer 58

Phenytoin

Question 59

It was attributed to William Withering, who in 1775 discovered that the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea, was beneficial to those suffering from abnormal fluid buildup.

Answer 59

Digoxin

Question 60

The active principles of digitalis were isolated in 1841 by _____. These active principles consisted mainly of digitoxin.

Answer 60

E. Humolle and T. Quevenne in Paris

Question 61

Cholesterol-lowering drugs, one of the cornerstones in the prevention of both primary and secondary heart diseases.

Answer 61

Statins

Question 62

The discovery of the statins can be credited to this research scientist at Sankyo Pharmaceuticals in Japan.

Answer 62

Akira Endo

Question 63

It was really the first effective leukemia drug and was developed by George Hitchings and his technician, Gertrude Elion, who later on shared the Nobel Prize in 1988.

Answer 63

6-Mercaptopurine

Question 64

He discovered cisplatin as a cancer treatment.

Answer 64

Barnett Rosenberg, PhD. (1965)

Question 65

It is now the gold standard against which new medicines are compared.

Answer 65

Cisplatin

Question 66

second generation compounds which has less toxicity and fewer side effects.

Answer 66

Carboplatin

Question 67

The third compound in this class of anticancer agents which was discovered in 1963 by Monroe E. Wall and Masukh C. Wani.

Answer 67

Paclitaxel sold under the brand name of Taxol

Question 68

Discovered Paclitaxel (Taxol) in 1963

Answer 68

Monroe E. Wall and Masukh C. Wani

Question 69

Taxol was isolated from extracts of the bark of this tree.

Answer 69

Pacific Yew Tree (Taxus brevifolia)

Question 70

plant origin of opium

Answer 70

Poppy (Papaver somniferum)

Question 71

acute gouty arthritis

Answer 71

colchicine

Question 72

chronic gouty arthritis

Answer 72

allopurinol

Question 73

Malaria parasite

Answer 73

Plasmodium falciparum

Question 74

to pause bacteria

Answer 74

bacteriostatic

Question 75

to kill bacteria

Answer 75

bactericidal

Question 76

it thickens the mucous lining to prevent the entry of sperm

Answer 76

progesterone

Question 77

100mL alcohol : __g of opium

Answer 77

10

Question 78

used in treatment of seizures and epilepsy

Answer 78

Anticonvulsant

Question 79

It is used as anesthetic before but not anymore due to its toxicity to liver

Answer 79

Chloroform

Question 80

antitubercular drug

Answer 80

iproniazid

Question 81

first generation tricyclic depressant

Answer 81

imipramine

Question 82

monoamone oxidase inhibitor

Answer 82

phenelzine

Question 83

sympathomimetic amines

Answer 83

norepinephrine dopamine

Question 84

it is important in body metabolism

Answer 84

t4 (thyroxine)

Question 85

low t4 -> higher build up of cholesterol T OR F

Answer 85

TRUE

Question 86

hormone made by the kidneys

Answer 86

Renin

Question 87

good cholesterol

Answer 87

High Density Lipoprotein

Question 88

bad cholesterol

Answer 88

Low Density Lipoprotein

Question 89

High levels of this cholesterol can lower your risk for heart disease and stroke

Answer 89

HDL

Question 90

High levels of this cholesterol can raise your risk for heart disease and stroke

Answer 90

LDL

Question 91

Buildup caused by LDL cholesterol

Answer 91

Plaque

Question 92

used in the treatment of myocardial ischemia, pharmacotherapy of congestive heart failures, arrythmia, and hypercholesteremia.

Answer 92

Diuretics Vasopressin Renin Angiotensin

Question 93

it is the active form of t4 (thyroxine)

Answer 93

t3 (triiodothyronine)