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Contemporary Bio > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

What is a cell?

A

-smallest unit of life that can function independently & perform the necessary functions of life
-can reproduce

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2
Q

Cell Theory

A

-all living organisms are made up of cells
-all cells come from other preexisting cells

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3
Q

What are eggs?

A

-technically a single cell

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4
Q

What are the two types of cells & describe them

A

-prokaryotic cells = don’t have a nucleus, DNA floats in the middle of the cell, 2/3s of all species are prokaryotes
-eukaryotic cells = has a center control structure called a nucleus that contains the cell’s DNA

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5
Q

name the structures of a prokaryote

A

-plasma membrane
-cytoplasm
-DNA
-Ribosomes
-cell wall
-capsule
-pili
-flagellum

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6
Q

What do each structure in a prokaryotic cell do?

A

-plasma membrane = contains lipids that enclose the cell contents
-cytoplasm = fluid inside that contains proteins
-DNA = circular loops that contain genetic info
-ribosomes = make DNA into proteins
-cell wall = rigid protective layer
-capsule = protect outer layer
-pili = help cells attach to other surfaces & sometimes help w DNA trasnfer
-flagellum = helps w movement

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7
Q

Main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

-Eukaryotic cells have specialized subregions (aka organelles)
-eukaryotic cells are a lot larger than prokaryotic

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8
Q

List the major structures found in both animal and plant cells

A

-nucleus
-plasma membrane
-ribosomes
-mitochondria
-rough er
-smooth er
-cytoplasm
-cytoskeleton
-golgi apparatus
-lysosome

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9
Q

What structure is found in an animal cell that is not found in a plant cell?

A

-centriole

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10
Q

What does rough er do?

A

-pick up RNAs and turns them into proteins
-synthesize the proteins
-transports these proteins to the smooth er

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11
Q

What does the smooth er do?

A

-synthesizes lipids (steroids & cholesterol)
-transports proteins to the golgi

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12
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

-labels proteins w/ sugar molecules
-sends the proteins to where they need to go

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13
Q

what does the cytoplasm do?

A

-gel like fluid
-contains proteins
-medium for chemical reactions

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14
Q

What does mitochondria do?

A

-makes ATP
-powers metabolic process
-contains some DNA
-has membrane layer on outside & 2nd membrane layer inside to help ion gradient stay within organelles
-different cells have diff # of mito depending on their function

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15
Q

what do lysosomes do?

A

-break everything down
-breaks discarded proteins & RNA back into amino acids
-“garbage disposal”
-contains digestive enzymes
-acidic

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16
Q

what do centrioles do?

A

-organize microtubules that serve as the cells skeletal system

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17
Q

What structures are found in plant cells that are not in animal cells?

A

-chloroplasts
-vacuoles
-cell wall

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18
Q

What does chloroplast do?

A

-convert energy obtained from the sun
-PHOTOSYNTHESIS!!
-contains circular disks of DNA

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19
Q

What does the vacuole do?

A

-water storage
-waste disposal
-found in plants mostly, and some animals
-predator deterrence (toxins)

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20
Q

what does the cell wall do?

A

-helps the plant have a rigid stalk
-gives plant the ability to grow upwards
-helps plant get water

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21
Q

What is endosymbiosis theory?

A

-endo = “within”
-symbiosis = partnership
-explains the presence of chloroplasts & mitochondria in eukaryotes
-ancestral eukaryote & prokaryote merged & over time the engulfed prokaryote evolved into an organelle (mito &/or chloro)

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22
Q

What does endosymbiosis theory state?

A

-the chloroplast & mitochondria contain some DNA
-chloro & mito are similar in size to prokaryotic cells & divide by splitting (aka fission)
-they both have ribosomes
-the DNA in both are more related to bacterial DNA than eukaryotic DNA

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23
Q

what does the plasma membrane do?

A

-synthesize & store energy
-holds the contents of the cell in place
-takes in nutrients
-allows interaction w environment & other cells
-contains a phospholipid bilayer
-contains proteins that are able to expand & go through membrane
-these proteins send signals & mark things

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24
Q

what do receptor proteins do in the plasma membrane?

A

-bind to external chemicals that regulate processes within cell
-send / receive signals

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25
what do recognition proteins do in the plasma membrane?
-make markers for other cells to identify
26
what do transport proteins do in the plasma membrane?
-provide passageway for molecules to move through cell
27
what do membrane proteins do in the plasma membrane?
-structure
28
what is diffusion?
-the natural movement of cells -moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration to end up with equal distribution
29
what is passive diffusion?
-when molecules move across a membrane without energy input
30
what is simple diffusion?
-molecules pass directly through the plasma membrane without the assistance of another molecule -example: O diffuses across membrane of lung cells while CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction
31
what is facilitated diffusion?
-molecules move across plasma membrane with the help of a channel/carrier molecule
32
what is osmosis?
-the passive diffusion of water across a membrane
33
what is tonicity?
=the balance of a solute
34
what is an isotonic solution?
equal balance of solute inside & outside the cell
35
what is a hypotonic solution?
concentration outside the cell is lower than inside (water diffuses into cells) *animal cells may explode bc they don't have a cell wall to limit cellular expansion
36
what is a hypertonic solution?
-concentration outside the cell is higher than inside (water diffuses out of cells)
37
what is active transport & why is it needed sometimes?
-movement of molecules into & out of a cell that requires the input of energy -occurs because not everything can pass through the membrane easily (such as sugars & ions)
38
what are the 2 types of active transport?
-primary active transport = uses ATP directly -secondary active transport = transport proteins obtain energy in an indirect method (not direct use of ATP)
39
what is exocytosis?
-shuttles molecules outside the cell -vesicles 1st enclose the particle then merge w/ the plasma membrane to release their contents -dumps large quantities of material out of cells -sometimes used by lysosomes
40
what are the 3 primary connections that hold animal cells together?
-tight junctions = protein interactions that act like super glue to tightly attach membranes (water proof) -desmosomes = proteins that are like velcro, contain hooks that attach tightly (not as tightly as junctions) allows for signals to transport through / can be broken apart to release tension -gap junctions = pores that allow passage of materials between cells
41
describe the nucleus
-largest & most prominent organelle in most eukaryotic cells -genetic control center / stores DNA info -composed of nuclear membranes (2 bilayers) w/ pores for protection from the chemical reactions -composed of chromatin (aka chromosomes) = fibers of DNA coated w/ proteins
42
describe the cytoskeleton
-infrastructure of the cell -enables movement -provides shape & support -made of microtubules that help w/ cell movement -made of intermediate filaments -made of microfilaments
43
purpose of cilia & flagella?
-movement proteins -burn up ATP to move things
44
describe cilia
-short projections that beat swiftly to move fluid along & past a cell
45
describe flagella
-microtubule-based structures -move cells through environment
46
number of mitochondria in various cells:
-liver cell = 2,500 -skeletal muscle cell = 1,200 -white blood cell = 700 dermal (under skin) = 200 -white adipose (fat storage) = 100 -red blood cell = 0
47
what cells need more mitochondria?
-cells w/ high energy needs
48
what organelles makeup the endomembrane system?
-rough ER -smooth ER -golgi
49
describe rough ER
-covered in ribosomes (rough) -synthesize proteins -transports proteins to smooth ER
50
describe smooth ER
-transports proteins to the golgi -liver cells have many smooth ERs to help w/ detoxifying
51
describe energy conversions
-nearly all life needs to capture energy from the sun & convert it to a form that can be used
52
what are the 2 key processes by which energy is converted?
-photosynthesis -cellular respiration
53
how do life forms on the ocean floor (where no sun reaches) get the energy they need?
-volcanic magma
54
what is kinetic energy?
-motion -doing something -riding a bike, a fire burning
55
what is potential energy?
-energy stored in an object -water trapped in damn, food has potential energy stored in chemical bonds
56
what happens as energy is captured & converted?
-the amount of energy available to do work decreases
57
what is thermodynamics?
-"heat structure" -study of energy transformations
58
1st law of thermodynamics?
energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can be converted
59
2nd law of thermodynamics?
energy conversion is not perfectly efficient, you will always lose some energy during conversion (in the form of heat)
60
what is ATP
-adenosine triphosphate -adenine + ribose sugar + 3 phosphates -3 phosphates = negative charges that will repel, so they need a lot of energy to be pushed together
61
what is ATP used for?
-all chemical reactions in the body
62
which organelle produces ATP?
mitochondria
63
what is so special about ATP?
-it is the maximum energy force that drives every reaction -phosphorous is a strong element that is hungry for oxygen
64
what is photosynthesis?
-sunlight + water + CO2 --> oxygen & sugar -uses energy from sunlight to produce glucose -O2 is a byproduct
65
what organisms photosynthesize?
-plants -bacteria (cyanobacteria) -dinoflagellates -kelp -ocean is where majority of O2 comes from
66
where does photosynthesis occur in the plants?
the chloroplasts
67
what are the light harvesting organelles within the chloroplast?
-thylakoid = membrane structure where light energy is converted into chemical energy -stroma = chem energy from thy. is released into this surrounding liquid, then this energy is turned into sugar
68
what is light energy
-kinetic energy made up of little packets of energy called photons -photons are organized into waves -wavelength = energy being carried out by the photon
69
what are pigments
-molecules that absorb light
70
what is chlorophyll
the main pigment in plants that absorbs light energy from the sun
71
what is NAD
high energy electron carrier
72
what happens during the water-splitting photosystem
-energy from excited electrons is transferred to nearby pigment molecules -the excited e is grabbed and sent to the e transport chain -water molecules are split, oxygen & hydrogen ions are released as by-products
73
what happens in the electron transport chain
- e move through the chain & release energy as they fall back to lower energy state - the released energy powers protons pumps that move the H+ ions from the stroma to the thylakoid -protons rush out of the thylakoid through the ATP synthase w/ great kinetic energy that is used to build ATP -this produces NADPH-
74
describe the calvin cycle
-enzyme rubisco grabs carbon atoms one @ a time from CO2 molecules in the air, then attaches them to an organic molecule -the org. molecule + ATP & NADPH = small sugar (G3P) -some molecules of G3P are used to regenerate the original organic molecule (using ATP)
75
why is rubisco an important enzyme?
-it is the most prevalent protein on the planet
76
describe C3 photosynthesis
-CO2 exchanged through open stromata -calvin cycle occurs -sugar produced -95% of plants do this -energy efficient -water lost due to evaporation
77
describe C4 photosynthesis
-CO2 exchanged through slightly opened stromata -carbon uptake needs additional ATP -calvin cycle -sugar produced -1% of plants do this -less water loss -requires more energy
78
describe CAM photosynthesis
-CO2 exchanged at night through open stromata -carbon uptake needs additional ATP -calvin cycle occurs while stromata closes during day -sugar produced -water loss minimized -requires more energy -slow growth
79
describe cellular respiration
-O2 + sugar --> CO2(comes from the sugar) + water (comes from the O2) + ATP -glycolysis / CoA / citric acid cycle / mito e- transport chain
80
Glycolysis
"glyco" sugar "sis" breaking -6 Carbon gets split into 3 carbon -produces small amounts of ATP
81
how to get energy from glycolysis
-glucose --> pyruvate (3carbon sugar) -CO2 are split by acetyl-CoA -CoA brings carbons from split up glucose into citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
82
citric acid cycle
-CoA comes in w/ the 3 carbon sugar -CO2 , NAD & ATP is pulled out
83
mitochondrial electron transport chain
-same as e transport chain -left with O2 that is turned into water to get rid of all the negatively charged O2 -ADP meets phosphorus = ATP
84
what does cyanide do
-blocks acceptance of electrons in the e- transport chain
85
energy production without O2
-animals: e- acceptor = pyruvate, end product = lactic acid (causes cramps) -yeast: e- acceptor = acetaldehyde, end product = ethanol (poison)

Contemporary Bio (3 decks)

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