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Developmental Psychology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Fetal Period (definition and time period)

A

Weeks 9-40 when growth and development of the fetus continues until birth

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2
Q

Germinal Period (definition and time period)

A

2 weeks following conception when the zygote is created and attaches to the uterine wall

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3
Q

Embryonic Period (definition and time period)

A

Weeks 3-8 when rapid cell differentiation in the embryo occurs forming the foundation of our organs and nervous system

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4
Q

Conception (definition and time period)

A

fertilization occurs when a male sperm cell meets with a female ovum cell in the fallopian tube

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5
Q

Birth

A

process with 3 stages of coming into the world, around 38-40 weeks after conception

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6
Q

endoderm (layer and what it becomes)

A

inner layer, becomes digestive and respiratory system

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7
Q

mesoderm (layer and what it becomes)

A

middle layer, becomes circulatory system, bones, muscle, excretory system, and reproductive system

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8
Q

ectoderm (layer and what it becomes)

A

outer layer, nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and epidermis

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9
Q

Teratogen

A

agents or substances that can cause birth defects or alter cognitive or behavioral outcomes

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10
Q

4 Types of Teratogen

A

physical (hot tub)
chemical (drugs)
infection (listeria, food poisoning)
metabolic (high blood pressure)

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11
Q

What does APGAR stand for?

A

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration

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12
Q

Why is APGAR used?

A

taken within the first 5-10 minutes after birth to determine if additional medical attention is needed

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13
Q

What is a considered a normal APGAR score?

A

7-10

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14
Q

What is associated with below average APGAR score?

A

poor developmental outcomes

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15
Q

What age is a baby considered preterm?

A

born before 37 weeks (may be viable as soon as 22 weeks)

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16
Q

Complications with preterm babies

A

breathing problems, feeding difficulties, cerebral palsy, developmental delay, vision and hearing problems

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17
Q

What are the 2 patterns of infant growth?

A

Cephalocaudal - development occurs from the top down
Proximodistal - development moves from the core to the limbs to the digits

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18
Q

Amount of sleep recommended to each age of infant

A

0-3 months: 14-17 hrs/day
4-12 months: 12-16 hrs/day
12-24 months: 11-14 hrs/day

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19
Q

Impacts of infant malnutrition

A

poor attention, reduced memory capacity, slowed cognitive and brain development

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20
Q

Myelination

A

increase in fatty sheath covering axons of neurons, improves speed and efficiency of communication between neurons

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21
Q

What supports typical brain development?

A

Experiences, proper nutrition, sleep

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22
Q

Sensorimotor stage (Piaget)

A

0-2 years
Infants understanding is constructed through the development of 6 substages.

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23
Q

Simple reflexes substages

A

construct understanding through coordinating motor actions with sensory input

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24
Q

Habits and primary circular reactions substages

A

coordinating sensory info and habits and circular reactions to construct understanding

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25
Secondary circular reactions substages
construct understanding by repeating actions that are pleasurable/interesting
26
Coordination of secondary circular reactions substages
intentional repetition of previously learned pleasurable experiences
27
Tertiary circular reactions substages
construct understanding by exploring new objects, trying new things, driven by curiosity
28
Internalization of schemes substage
develop primitive symbols for sensory images to repeat events or actions
29
Preoperational Stage (Piaget)
2-7 years symbolic function substage - gain ability to mentally represent objects that are not present intuitive thought substage - use primitive reasoning and become curious about the world, know things but don't always understand
30
egocentrism
inability to take perspective of someone else
31
animism
belief that inanimate objects have life-like qualities and take action
32
centration
focusing attention on one characteristic and ignoring all others (lack conservation)
33
3 ways infants learn language
34
What is language?
spoken, written, or signed communication that is based on a system of symbols
35
Reflexes
built in reactions to stimuli that serve a survival mechanism
36
Sensations
incoming info to our sensory receptors
37
Schemes
actions or mental representation that organize knowledge
38
Gross Motor Skills
large muscle activities like moving arms and walking
39
Perception
interpretation of the information that is sensed
40
Phonology
sound system of language
41
Semantics
meaning of words and sentences
42
Assimilation
using an existing scheme to learn new information
43
Object permanence
understanding that objects and events occur even if they are not seen, heard, or touched emerges at 8 months and solidified by 12-24 months
44
Accommodation
adjusting an existing scheme to fit new information
45
Pragmatics
acceptable use of language in varying contexts
46
Syntax
how words are combined to create meaningful phrases or sentences
47
Primitive Symbols
serve as sensory images or words to represent events or actions
48
Morphology
unit of meaning used to form words
49
Intentional Repetition
used by infants to construct an understanding of the world
50
Emotion
a feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important and expressed via behavior that reflects experience
51
Difference between basic and self-conscious emotion
basic - emotions shared between all cultures (surprise, interest, joy, anger, fear, sadness, disgust) first 6 months self conscious emotions - require self-awareness (guilt, pride) 6-24 months
52
How do infants regulate their emotions?
rely on caregiver help, minimize intensity/duration through thumb sucking or ask for help
53
How do adults serve as co-regulators of emotion?
monitor emotional responses, validate negative emotions and teach coping strategies, help label emotions,
54
What is temperament?
individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding
55
Define the 3 temperamental styles?
easy - positive, quickly establish routine, adapt easily difficult - reacts negatively, cry frequently, irregular daily routine and slow to accept change slow to warm up - low activity level, low intensity of mood, somewhat negative
56
What is personality?
enduring personal characteristics of an individual
57
How does personality develop during infancy and early childhood?
through trust and sense of self, facilitated by caregiver
58
What is attachment and what are the 4 types?
secure - babies use caregiver to explore the environment ambivalent - slow to warm back up to caregiver avoidant - little emotional connection to caregiver, reject affection disorganized - unpredictable reaction that is not secure
59
What is secure attachment correlated with?
better social and cognitive development
60
What are the milestones in gross and fine motor development across early childhood?
sit without help, 4-9 months stand with help, 5-11 months crawl, 5-13 months walk with help, 6-14 months stand alone, 7-14 months walk alone, 8-18 months palmer grasp, 7 months pincer grasp, 12 months
61
Describe Zone of Proximal Development
tasks that are too difficult to be completed alone but can be learned through the help of a more skilled other
62
What executive functioning improvements do preschoolers make and explain them
cognitive inhibition (tune out stimuli), cognitive flexibility (switch tasks), goal setting, delay of gratification
63
What is theory of mind?
having an awareness of your own as well as others mental processes and understanding that other people may have difference experiences
64
When does theory of mind emerge?
2 years old know that other people see what is in front of them, preschoolers understand positive and negative emotions and can identify when others are feeling those
65
Phonology (define and example)
preschoolers can make most vowel and consonant sounds
66
Morphology (define and example)
begin to use plural and possessive nouns and add endings to verbs (often overgeneralize rules like using goed instead of went)
67
Syntax (define and example)
understand how words should be ordered (questions v. statement)
68
Semantics (define and example)
develop vocabulary rapidly via fat mapping (~1 word/hour)
69
Pragmatics (define and example)
learn norms of conversation in different settings, begin to develop politeness and sensitivity, norms for different stages
70
What 4 social emotional developmental areas develop in early childhood?
71
What is emotional regulation and why do children need it?
facilitates engagement and development of positive social relationships, reduces risk of social rejection and communicate functionally
72
What are the 4 parenting styles?
authoritarian, authoritative*, neglectful, permissive
73
What happens if a preschooler is more withdrawn from peers or is more aggressive towards peers?
more likely to experience poor social outcomes, like rejection/isolation, and negative long term outcomes
74
What is the importance of play in early childhood
supports interaction between parent and child (need for engagement), strengthen core life skills (planning, problem solving, flexibility), reduce sources of stress (used for coping)

Developmental Psychology (4 decks)

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