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Plant Science > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Leaf Venation

A
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2
Q

Dicots in seeds
vs
Monocots in seeds

A

Two cotyledons (part of the embryo)

only one cotyledon

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3
Q

Dicots in Flowers
vs
Monocots in Flowers

A

Usually four or five floral parts (or multiples of these)

Usually 3 floral parts (or multiples of 3)

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4
Q

Dicots in leaves
vs
Monocots in leaves

A

Usually a netlike array of leaf veins

Usually a parallel array of leaf veins

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5
Q

Dicots in stems
vs
Monocots in stems

A

Vascular bundles arrayed as a ring in stem

Vascular bundles distributed ground tissue of stem

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6
Q

3 Main reasons why we rotate plant fields

A
  • interrupt the crop pests (lifecycles of insects and pathogens)
  • Help with soil fertility (similar nutritional demands)
  • Members of the Fabaceae (legume) can add nitrogen to the soil
  • Members of the Liliaceae are heavy users of potassium
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7
Q

What does understanding plant families provide assistance when using pesticides?

A

Many of the same families benefit from the same pesticides

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8
Q

IPF (friends ad foe)

A

Friend - Important crop/ vegetable
Foe - plants/weeds we are trying to limit in nature

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9
Q

Solanaceae Family

A

Nightshade

Friend - Potato and Tomato
Foe - Jimsonweed and nightshade

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10
Q

Brassicaceae Family

A

Mustard family

Friend - Broccoli, canola, kale, mustard, turnips
Foe - Shepherds purse, yellow rocket

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11
Q

Rosaceae Family

A

Rose Family

Friend - Apples, Peaches, strawberries, blackberries, pears, almond
Foe - Muliflora rose (weed)

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12
Q

Fabaceae Family

A

Legume Family

Friend - Bean, Pea, alfalfa
Foe - Black medic (weed)

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13
Q

Poaceae Family

A

Grass Family

Friend - Corn, wheat, barley, oats
Foe -barnyard grass

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14
Q

Polygonaceae Family

A

Knotweed family

Friend - Buckwheat, rhubarb
Foe - Knotweed, smartweed

(Ocrea) - base of petiole connected to stem

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15
Q

Asteraceae Family

A

Sunflower Family

Friend - Sunflower, Lettuce,
Foe - Dandelion, cocklebur, Ragweed

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16
Q

Liliaceae Family

A

Lily Family

Friend - Asparagus, onions, garlic, tulips
Foe - Wild garlic

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17
Q

Why is knowing a plant family important?

A
  • Find common pests
  • Similar in nutrients
  • Used as identification
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18
Q

What Plant families are the most important?

A

Grass Family!!!!!!
lots of staple foods - (20 crops between global starvation)

Legume Family
Nitrogen in soils

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19
Q

Why do plants within a family share the same or similar pests

A

From the same origin, genetically similar.

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20
Q

Photosynthesis in Greek

A

“photo” means Light
“synthesis” means put together

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21
Q

How to plants make their own food

A

Photosynthesis

the process by which

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22
Q

What 3 things are required for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide
Water
light/ energy from the sun

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23
Q

Formula for Photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O + Sun = Sugar +Oxygen

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24
Q

Carbohydrates (starches and sugars)

A

After the plant produces carbohydrates
- Plat uses them as energy
- Stores then
- Builds complex energy compounds (oils and proteins)

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25
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur

A

In the Mesophyll layers of leaves (somtimes stems)

Mesophyll cells contain numerous chloroplasts (where photosynthesis takes place)
* Chloroplasts are very small
* One square millimeter, about the size of a period, would contain 400,000 chloroplasts

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26
Q

What is Chlorophyll

A

Chlorophyll is the pigment that
makes leaves green, it is found in the chloroplasts

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27
Q

Chlorophyll VS Chloroplasts

A

Chlorophyll is the pigment/color that makes leaves green

Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis takes place

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28
Q

How does the light influence Photosynthesis

A

Generally, as sunlight increases, so does photosynthesis

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29
Q

What plant family is heavy users of potassium

A

Liliaceae family

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30
Q

What plant family is associated with a lot of toxic weeds in Wisconsin

A

The nightshate family

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31
Q

What family consist of many of the common fruits

A

Rose family

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32
Q

The fruit is the “_______” of a plant

A

Ovary

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33
Q

True or false

Wheat, rice, barley, and corn are all in the same plant family?

A

TRUE

grass family

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34
Q

What plant family is the ocrea associated with?

A

Knotweed

Polygonaceae Family

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35
Q

Where does Carbon dioxide enter the plant?

A

Stomata (natural openings inside plant)

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36
Q

Where does water enter in the plant?

A

Root (root hairs)

more surface area with root hairs collecting water.

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37
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in the plant?

A

Mesophyll layer in

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38
Q

What are the layers of the leaf structure?

A

Cuticle
Mesophyll layer (w/ mesophyll cells (400,000 chloroplasts)

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39
Q

Waters role in photosynthesis

A

Water is one of the “raw” materials of photosynthesis

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40
Q

Carbon Dioxides role in photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide
Enters plant through the stomata
Very plentiful in nature
Some greenhouses use commercial carbon dioxide generators (roses, tomatoes, etc.)

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41
Q

How does temperature influence photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis occurs at its highest rate between 65° and 85° F
Decreases at higher or lower temperatures

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42
Q

What is respiration?

A

Essentially the opposite of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a building process, while respiration is a breaking down process.

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43
Q

Respiration details

A

Carbohydrates (made during photosynthesis) are of value to a plant when they are converted to energy

Energy used for cell growth and new tissue

The chemical process sugars and starches are converted to energy is called oxidation.

Controlled oxidation (in a living cell) is called respiration

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44
Q

Can photosynthesis occur at night

A

NO

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45
Q

Can respiration occur during the day

A

YES

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46
Q

What is transpiration?

A

When a leaf’s guard cells shrink, its stomata open and water is lost (transpiration)

This results in most water being pulled through the plant roots.
Rate of transpiration is directly related to whether stomata are open or closed
Stomata account for 1% of leaf surface area but 90% of the water transpired.

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47
Q

What are the 3 vital processes for a plats survival

A
  • Photosynthesis
  • Respiration
  • Transpiration
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48
Q

What happens to a plant on hot days?

A
  • Closes stomata’s, photosynthesis stops

uses respiration till reserves of carbohydrates are gone.

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49
Q

Where do trees get their mass from?

A

air ;)

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50
Q

Plant biomass is primarily made of “__________”

A

CARBON

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51
Q

What is Pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen from the anthers of a flower to a stigma

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52
Q

Results of pollination

A

“Cross-pollination” - When pollination occurs between different flowers
“Self pollination” - Transfer happens within the same plant

Which one is preferred in nature, why?
Cross pollination because of divers genetics

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53
Q

Self pollinating crops

A

Wheat
oats

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54
Q

What is the ecological importance of pollination?

A

Approximately 80% of flowering plants rely on animals for gene transfer. Fruits and seeds comprise around 25% of diets of birds and mammals.
- Lower pollination rates = Scarce resources

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55
Q

What is the agricultural importance of pollination?

A

Insects pollinate 2/3 of the worlds crops and 1/3 food we eat

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56
Q

What is the economic importance of pollination?

A

$15 billion per year to US economy

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57
Q

What are the 2 types of pollen

A

Lightweight and heavy weight pollen

58
Q

What is heavyweight pollen

A

Heavy, sticky pollen that must be physically moved from one plant to another

59
Q

What is lightweight pollen

A

Lightweight pollen is easily blown by wind in between plants

60
Q

Who does the work of moving pollen? which one is most important?

A

Many animals can pollenate
- Bees are the most important mover of pollen
assisted by flies, beetles, wasps, butterflies, and moths
- Tropical regions - Bats, hummingbirds

61
Q

Why are bees the most important pollinators

A

Feed on nectar and pollen (primaraly food for adults)
Pollen collecting structors (hairs, scopa, etc.)
Display floral constantancy (stay with a

62
Q

What is floral constancy?

A
63
Q

What do plants offer these pollinators

A

Pollen is an important source of protein and nectar which is a sugar solution.

64
Q

What are 3 ways flowers lure insects

A

Colors/ bright florescence
Smell
Flower shapes

65
Q

What is essential in fruit and nut production

A

Pollinators

66
Q

More pollination = higher yield

A
67
Q

What crops require pollination

A

Fruits, vegetables, and nuts
Without pollinators we would not have blueberries, apples, peaches

68
Q

Are Pollinators in trouble?

A
69
Q

What is causing this pollination problem

A

Conversation of natural habitats to cropland or suburban development
Nonnative

70
Q

What are the pollinator stressors?

A
71
Q

What can we do?

A

Plant different species of flower
avoid disruption during busy hours
knowledge of bee hives
not spry when flowers are flowering

72
Q

Do annual or perennial flower longer

A

Annual

73
Q

Habitat modification

A

Vineyards now contain flowers

74
Q

what percentage of surface area is the stomata

A

1%

75
Q

What is the % of water transpired in stomata

A

90%

76
Q

What is a pest?

A

An organism that has a negative impact on a plant

77
Q

What are the three pest management strategies?

A

Preventative methods
Suppressive pest control methods
Eradication strategies

78
Q

What is preventative method in pest management

A

Discourage damaging pest populations from developing

Examples ;
Planting disease or weed free seed
Resistant varieties - insects, pathogens, some weeds
Cultural controls (cultivation, planting dates, remove overwintering sites.)

79
Q

What is Suppressive method in pest management

A

Reduce existing pest populations to tolerable levels.

Examples ;
Release of biological control
Mowing
cultivating weeds

80
Q

What is eradication method in pest management

A

Eradication, NO pests can be tolerated, eliminating the pest from a designated area

coordination of eradication efforts is usually the responsibility of government agencies.

81
Q

What are the costs and benifits of controls

A

Fundamental to the success of an integrated
approach to pest management is that the cost of
control should not exceed the economic return or
increased value of the plant host due to the
management activity
* Impact on total ecosystem must be assessed

82
Q

What is the value of management

A
  • Fundamental to the success of an Integrated
    approach to pest management is the cost of
    control should not exceed the economic return or
    increased value of the plant host due to the
    management activity
83
Q

Why use IPM?

A

pest control often relied on a single pest control method,
such as repeated pesticide applications

84
Q

What are the problems of continued pesticide use of one chemical

A
  • increases risk of resistant population
  • Effecting other bioenvironments and creatures
  • Destruction of natural enemies
  • Contamination of food webs
  • Destruction of pollinators
  • General eco toxicity
85
Q

Struggles with pesticide changes

A
  • want cheep food
  • unblemished food
    Aesthetically pleasing lawn and landscapes
  • Pest free environments
    Pest-free environments for
    working and living
    *Disease free environment
86
Q

Key Principles of IPM in Entomology

A
  1. Potentially harmful species will continue to exist at tolerable levels of abundance.
    Pests are an integral part of the ecosystem
    (strategy is manage rather than eradicate the pests)
  2. The ecosystem is the management unit.
    Knowledge of the actions, reactions and interactions of the components of the ecosystem are essential to implement IPM programs
  3. Use of natural control is maximized
  4. IPM theory dictates choice of management techniques
    (use more selective management tactics). Economic threshold – a prediction of loss vs. risk
  5. Control procedures must be evaluated
  6. An interdisciplinary systems approach is essential
    (farm, business, forest, etc.)
87
Q

Evaluate the soybean aphid using the Key Principles of IPM

A
  1. Ubiquitous - cant get rid of aphids, rapidly reproduce
  2. Over winters - on the weed buckthorn
  3. Natural control - Ladybugs & daddy long legs
  4. counting
  5. Avoid pesticides detriment to natural control
  6. Entomologist, weed scientist
88
Q

Why we monitor pest populations

A
89
Q

How we monitor pest populations

A

“W” pattern in fields - representative of what’s across field
Determine IF population needs to me manages
Historically, there was calendar spray schedule (no regard to if pests were present)
Better manage the ecosystem

  • Sticky traps can be used in both the green house and the field
90
Q

Economic or Action Thresholds - A prediction of loss vs risk

What is it and how does it work?

A

Economic Injury Level (EIL) –
The lowest pest density at which economic losses occur

Action Threshold (AT) also known at the economic threshold (ET) –
Pest density at which some management decision must be made to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching damaging levels and preventing economic loss

91
Q

What makes insects successful on plants?

A

Rapid Reproduction
Adaptability
Easy transportation
* Many have evolved with the crops or landscape
* Chemical cues
* Genetic variation
* Develop resistance to insecticides
* High reproductive capacity
* Mobility
* Diapause (dormant state)

92
Q

What are the 3 distinct parts of an insect?

A

head, thorax and abdomen

Identify by body parts, antennae, and mouthparts
All insects have one pair of antenna on the front of the head

93
Q

How to identify an insect

A
  • Same pest in different areas or crops may have different common names
  • Corn earworm, tomato fruitworm, and cotton bollworm
  • Example Helicoverpa zea
94
Q

Do fungi, insects, and plants have a scientific name?

A

YES - Same format as well

95
Q

What is biocontrol

A

Using a living organism to eliminate a pest
A pest management tool that
utilizes the action of predators,
parasitoids, and pathogens to reduce pest
populations

96
Q

What defines a Predator

A

Requires more than one host to complete development (kills host)

97
Q

What is the dormant state of insects?

A

Diapause

98
Q

What defines a parasite?

A

Requires one host to complete development (rarely kills host)

99
Q

What is a Parasitoid?

A

Requires one host to complete development. Almost always kills the host in the process

100
Q

What makes good Biocontrol agents

A

FITNESS AND ADAPTABILITY
HIGH SEARCHING CAPACITY
SYNCHRONIZATION WITH THE HOST AND ITS HABITAT

101
Q

Types of damage insects have on plants

A
  • Chew twigs, leaves, fruit
  • Suck sap
  • Bore into branches, trunks, or fruit
  • Lay eggs in plant tissue
  • Disseminate disease organisms
102
Q

What does it mean when an insect vectors a virus?

A

Transmitting the virus to plant in the area via insect transportation

103
Q

What percentage of disease in organisms is caused by Fungi?

A

85%

104
Q

What are the 3 disease organisms or pathogens that can be disseminated by insects?

A

Fungi
Bacteria
Viruses

105
Q

If every single line is susceptible, why do we want to manage this disease? (Dutch elm disease)

A

use of tree
prolonged “treatment’ of disease

106
Q

Example of Insects vectoring a virus

A

Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) is vectored by aphids

107
Q

Example of Insects vectoring a fungi

A

Bark beetle vectors the fungus (Ophiostoma ulmi) to cause the disease Dutch Elm Disease

108
Q

Example of Insects vectoring a bacteria

A

Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) vectors the bacterium (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus) – citrus greening

80% yield reduction due to this disease

109
Q

What is the most successful biological control agent ever?

A
  • The prickly pear became a major invasive weed in Australia by the early 1900s
  • Prickly pear had overtaken 60 million acres (24.3 million hectares) of land in New South Wales and Queensland, making it unusable
  • In 1913, the Queensland Government instituted a team of scientist
  • Cactoblastis cactorum
  • Moth was imported from Argentina
  • Most of the overgrown land had been cleared of the pest plants
110
Q

What countries use ac

A

GB and USA

111
Q

What does Ha stand for?

A

Hectars - form of land measurement

112
Q

How big is an ac

A

43,560 square feet

113
Q

What is a nematode?

A

microscopic unsegmented roundworms

They are the most abundant multicellular animals on earth (found in every soil, every body of water, and even in extreme deserts and polar ice fields)

114
Q

What do nematodes feed on?

A

Most feed on bacteria, then some on fungi, and other nematodes

115
Q

Are there beneficial nematodes?

A

YES

Insect parasitic nematodes are small round worms that kill insects but harmless to other organisms

Species are often used as biological control

116
Q

How do nematodes help control plant pests?

A

Beneficial nematodes parasitize insects by entering their bodies and infecting them with bacteria from their gut (kills host)

They can feed on over 200 crop pests from up to 100 insect families

117
Q

How are the vast majority of nematodes applied to crops?

A

Irrigation systems

118
Q

How are nematodes useful?

A

Help keep populations low enough to prevent significant crop damage (reduce need for pesticides)

Safe for pollinators, kids, dogs, etc.

No protective gear is needed

119
Q

What are some restrictions when using nematodes

A

Some work best in cultivated soils while others work best in undisturbed soils

Sensitive to temperature (living organism)

Photodegradation

Timing of application (seasonal)

Growth stage of plant

Expensive to obtain

120
Q

What is photodegradation

A

The effect and change of the organism due to light

121
Q

Would we are first introducing nematodes to a garden would we start with an infested crop or clean crop?

A

Clean crop in hopes to reduce risk of spreading the pests from the infected crop.

prevention is the best treatment

122
Q

How do nematodes feed on other nematodes and plants?

A

With a stylet

123
Q

are all nematodes with stylets parasitic?

A

No, they could just feed on other nematodes not on the plant.

124
Q

You can have a ______ yield loss without having symptoms in your soil

A

30%-40%

125
Q

How to identify Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) – Heterodera glycines

A

Small bright cysts on roots of soybean

light up in the dark

lemon shaped

126
Q

How SCN spreads

A

Soil erosion - wind

tires, farm equipment - transportation

rain moving dirt

127
Q

What do we call yellowing tissue in a plant

A

Chlorotic tissue also known as chlorosis

128
Q

How many eggs are in a CSN cyst

A

300-400 eggs

129
Q

How many times can the SCN Lifecycle have?

A

3-4 cycles

130
Q

How many years can cysts survive in the soil.

A

Over 10 years

131
Q

How can we aid the SCN issue?

A

Crop rotation
Genetic resistance

132
Q

Where to scout for SCN in a field

A

Low spots prone to water flow

Sandier soils

Field entrances where people may come and go

historic low yield

133
Q

Where would you identify SCN from early season?

A

Soil sample, take soil as close as you can to plant roots

134
Q

Where would identify SCN from late season?
(SCN)

A

Look at plant roots directly

135
Q

Some trends to look into before scouting for nematodes

A

Dependent on species (foliar, seed gall, bulb, roots, etc.)

Most plant-pathogenic
nematodes are root pathogens
Early season vs late season

136
Q

Nematodes vs Pesticides

A
  • easy to apply
  • safe
  • expensive
  • can die
137
Q

What to look for when selecting a seed

A
  • reliable grower
138
Q

What is on a seed packet?

A

Common name and scientific name

Light requirements

Plant height at maturity

Planting depth

Space between seeds in a row

Instructions for thinning

Days to germination and maturity (Germination %)

(Example - germination rate of 80 percent in 2020, the 2021 rate can be expected to be lower, for example, 50 percent)

139
Q

Who creates plant hardiness zones

A

USDA

140
Q

What plants benefit most to hardiness zones

A

Perennial plants

141
Q

What is the USDA

A

United States Department of Agriculture

142
Q

How do you know if you can save seeds year to year?

A

Plant Science (8 decks)

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