Unit 2

Question 1

cell structure that contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell’s activities; only found in eukaryotic cells

Answer 1

Nucleus

Question 2

Semi-fluid material between cell membrane and nucleus

Answer 2

cytoplasm

Question 3

thin flexible barrier around a cell; regulates (controls) what enters and leaves the cell; important for homeostasis

Answer 3

Cell Membrane

Question 4

A rigid, supporting structure that surrounds the cell membrane in some cells (ex: plants, algae, fungo, bacteria)

Answer 4

Cell Wall

Question 5

organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis

Answer 5

Chloroplasts

Question 6

Cell organelles filled with enzymes - breaks down certain materials in the cell

Answer 6

Lysosome

Question 7

Stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 7

Golgi Body (Apparatus)

Question 8

System of membranes- produces and transports proteins (rough) and makes lipids (smooth); the Rough has Ribosomes, the smooth doesn’t

Answer 8

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 9

Part of the ER, Makes lipids

Answer 9

Smooth ER

Question 10

Part of the ER, rough due to ribosomes, makes proteins (due to ribosomes)and transports proteins within the cytoplasm

Answer 10

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 11

site of cellular respiration; makes energy (ATP), called the “powerhouse” of the cell

Answer 11

Mitochondria (plural) / Mitochondrion (singular)

Question 12

tiny cell structures on which proteins are made (site of protein synthesis); has two sub-units; “protein factories”

Answer 12

Ribosomes

Question 13

A large vacuole at the center of most plant cells, filled with water and maintains turgor pressure in a plant cell

Answer 13

Central Vacuole

Question 14

Found inside the nucleus an produces ribosomes

Answer 14

Nucleolus

Question 15

Organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbs

Answer 15

Vacuoles

Question 16

network of protein filaments that helps the cell maintain its shape and helps organelles move

Answer 16

cytoskleleton

Question 17

cell structures that carry out a specific function within the cell

Answer 17

organelles

Question 18

deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material that contains the information that determines inherited traits

Answer 18

DNA

Question 19

HAVE a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Answer 19

eukaryotic cells

Question 20

do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (remember: “pro” rhymes with “no”)

Answer 20

prokaryotic cells

Question 21

stable internal environment in cells and organisms

Answer 21

homeostasis

Question 22

hairlike projections that extend from the cell membrane and are used for locomotion

Answer 22

cilia

Question 23

theory that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

Answer 23

cell theory

Question 24

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.

Answer 24

clades

Question 25

A theory that early eukaryotic cells (protists) evolved from simple prokaryotic cells when one bacterium (a prokaryote) engulfed another bacterium and the two began living together. According to this theory, mitochondria/chloroplasts look and act so much like bacteria because they once were bacteria and their double membrane shows evidence of being engulfed.

Answer 25

endosymbiosis

Question 26

An organism capable of synthesizing (making) its OWN food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy. Examples include: plants, algae, & certain bacteria. Auto=self; troph=consume (think of an airplane in auto-pilot, flying itself)

Answer 26

Autotroph

Question 27

Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming OTHER organisms. Hetero=other; troph=consume

Answer 27

heterotroph

Question 28

made of a single (1) cell

Answer 28

unicellular

Question 29

made up of more than one cell

Answer 29

multicellular

Question 30

A taxonomic category above (broader than) the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Answer 30

domain

Question 31

domain (and kingdom) of unicellular PROKARYOTES that have cell walls that do NOT contain peptidoglycan; extremophiles

Answer 31

Archaea

Question 32

domain and kingdom of unicellular PROKARYOTES that HAVE cell walls containing peptidoglycan; common bacteria found "everywhere"

Answer 32

Bacteria

Question 33

kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that reproduce by spores, have a cell wall made of chitin, and obtain food by breaking down substances and absorbing the nutrients

Answer 33

Fungi

Question 34

The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms; includes plants, animals, fungi, protists. ALL species grouped in this domain HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles!

Answer 34

Eukarya (also called Eukaryota; Eukaryotes)

Question 35

kingdom of multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs whose cells do NOT have cell walls; our kingdom!

Answer 35

Animalia

Question 36

kingdom of multicellular, photosynthetic, autotrophs that have cell walls containing cellulose

Answer 36

Plantae

Question 37

mostly unicellular organisms that cannot be classified as plants, animals, or fungi; "misfits" as they are so hard to classify and are not a true clade; first eukaryotic cells to have developed on the planet; extremely diverse- examples include phytoplankton, algae, slime molds, amoebas, ciliates, etc.

Answer 37

protists

Question 38

classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

Answer 38

binomial nomenclature

Question 39

"Father of Modern Taxonomy"; he established binomial nomenclature and devised systems for classifying all organisms

Answer 39

Carl (Carolus) Linnaeus

Question 40

Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name

Answer 40

Taxonomy

Question 41

taxonomic group, for example kingdom or genus

Answer 41

Taxon

Question 42

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

Answer 42

species

Question 43

make up the two part scientific name

Answer 43

genus and species

Question 44

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species; one way to remember is: Do Kids Prefer Candy Over Fresh Green Salad?

Answer 44

Levels of classification

Question 45

a branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms; often used as a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group

Answer 45

cladogram/phylogenetic tree

Question 46

study of evolutionary relationships (history) among organisms

Answer 46

Phylogeny

Question 47

An ancestral species from which later species evolved

Answer 47

common ancestor

Question 48

Node (on a phylogenetic tree or cladogram)

Answer 48

a place where a branch splits off from the rest of the cladogram; COMMON ANCESTOR, also represents divergent evolution

Question 49

the common ancestor shared by ALL organisms on the diagram

Answer 49

"root" (bottom) of cladogram/phylogenetic tree