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Lab Techniques in Neuroscience > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

Somatic PNS

A

Innervates skin, joints, muscles

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2
Q

Visceral PNS

A

AKA autonomic nervous system, innervates internal organs, blood vessels, glands

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3
Q

PNS sends _____ information from to body to the CNS

A

Sensory

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4
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain (brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum) and spinal cord

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5
Q

Why do rats have larger olfactory bulbs?

A

They depend more on a sense of smell

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6
Q

Three major subsections of the brain

A

Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

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7
Q

Subsections of prosencephalon and what they consist of

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon (thalamus!)

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8
Q

Subsections of rhombencephalon and what they consist of

A

Metencephalon (cerebellum)
Myelencephalon (brain stem)

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9
Q

Number of spinal nerve pairs

A

31

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10
Q

Function of the spinal cord

A

Conduit of motor and sensory information between the brain and the body

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11
Q

Dorsal root is ______ while ventral root is ______

A

Sensory; motor

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12
Q

Cell bodies for dorsal root are in _____ while cell bodies for ventral root are in ______

A

ganglion; ventral horn

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13
Q

Ascending sensory pathways

A

Touch pathway via dorsal column, spinothalamic tract (pain)

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14
Q

Descending motor pathways

A

Lateral pathway and ventromedial pathway

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15
Q

Why are tracts lighter in color?

A

MYELIN

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16
Q

Three layers of meninges

A

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

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17
Q

Space between arachnoid membrane and pia mater

A

Subarachnoid space

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18
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Rupture of blood vessels and blood collects between dura and arachnoid which can lead to brain injury and death

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19
Q

Gyrus

A

Bumps on the cerebrum surface

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20
Q

Sulcus

A

Grooves in the cerebrum surface

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21
Q

Fissure

A

especially deep groove in the cerebrum surface (super deep sulcus)

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22
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Underneath upper cortex; white matter that connects the two hemispheres

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23
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Separates frontal and parietal lobe

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24
Q

Longitudinal cerebral fissure

A

Separates the two hemispheres of the telencephalon

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25
Four lobes (plus one special one)
1. Frontal 2. Parietal (somatosensory) 3. Occipital (vision) 4. Temporal (auditory) 5. Insula (taste and emotional context)
26
Precentral gyrus function
Motor cortex
27
Postcentral gyrus function
Somatosensory cortex
28
Superior temporal gyrus function
Auditory cortex
29
What are association areas?
Areas of the brain that interpret motor AND sensory functions
30
Corticospinal pathway
- UMN (cell body in pre-central gyrus) - Axons pass through 1. Internal capsule 2. Cerebral peduncle (midbrain) 3. Pyramids (medulla; decussate here)
31
Sensory vs Motor Cranial Nerves
Sensory: carrying information TO the CNS (skin, muscles, organs) Motor: carrying information FROM the CNS (not just somatic, but could also be autonomic)
32
Ventricular system
- Brain floats in CSF - Ventricles are CSF filled caverns and canals inside the brain
33
Choroid Plexus
Tissue that secretes CSF
34
Septum Pellucidum
Tissue/vertical membrane that separates the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles
35
How much CSF gets made in one day?
1 pint
36
Where does CSF go?
Gets absorbed in subarachnoid space into blood
37
Hydrocephalus
AKA water on the brain - when CSF flow through the ventricular system to subarachnoid space is impaired; usually treated by surgically implanting a shunt which drains fluid to abdomen
38
Medulla oblangata functions
- dorsomedial medulla contains sensory relay nuclei - contains a number of nuclei crucial for vital functions - all tracts to and from the SC
39
Pons functions
Several nuclei mediating hearing, vestibular, and taste functions, several tracts and pontine reticular formation (sleep and arousal)
40
Cerebellum functions
Fine motor control
41
Tectum functions
- Midbrain - Superior colliculus: visual information - Inferior colliculus: auditory information - teCtum = ceiling = dorsal
42
Tegmentum functions
- Midbrain - Substantia nigra (dopamine producing cells in PD) -Reticular formation - teGmentum - ground - ventral
43
Periaqueductal gray functions
- Midbrain - Modulation of pain
44
Thalamus functions
- Dorsal part of diencephalon - relays most types of sensory information to neocortex (vision, hearing, pain, touch, temperature, and proprioception)
45
Hypothalamus functions
- Ventral part of diencephalon - Control autonomic NS - control of motivated behaviors (eating, drinking, sex) - controls endocrine systems (pituitary gland)
46
Fornix function
Output of hippocampus to mammillary bodies
47
Nerve
Collection of axons in PNS
48
White matter
A lot of axons
49
Tract
Collection of axons in CNS
50
Bundle
Collection of axons in CNS with differing cell bodies
51
Capsule
Collection of axons in CNS that connect the cerebrum to the brainstem
52
Commissure
Collection of axons in CNS that connect the two hemispheres
53
Lemniscus
Collection of axons in CNS whose tracks meander through brain
54
Ganglion
Group of cell bodies in the PNS
55
Nucleus
Group of cell bodies in the CNS
56
Medial prefrontal cortex functions
Social behaviors, working memory and other executive functions
57
Limbic system components
Olfactory bulbs, cingulate cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamic nuclei, mamillary body, parahippocampal gyrus
58
Limbic system function
Mediates emotions, memory, and social behaviors
59
Hippocampus function
Learning and memory
60
Amygdala function
Aggressiveness, fear, anxiety, and other emotions
61
Basal ganglia overall functions
Motor control and procedural learning and memory
62
Caudate + Putamen =
Striatum; receives input from substantia nigra (DA)
63
Putamen + Global Pallidus =
Lentiform/lenticular nucleus
64
Nucleus accumbens location and function
Ventral striatum; reward and addiction
65
What two arteries does the brain receive blood from?
Internal carotid and vertebral arteries
66
Internal carotid provides blood to ______ parts of the brain, while the vertebral artery provides blood to the _______ parts of the brain
rostral, caudal
67
True or false, the blood brain barrier is part of the meninges
No
68
What crosses the BBB by passive diffusion?
Gases and lipophilic molecules
69
How do glucose and amino acids cross the BBB?
By facilitated diffusion (can be active, but not always active)
70
Function of the BBB
Protection of the brain from blood toxins and bacteria
71
How is the BBB formed?
Tight junctions between the blood vessels and the astrocytes and neurons
72
Broadmann's areas are based on _______/________
cytoarchitectural differences/structure
73
Broadmann Areas 3, 1, 2
Somatosensory
74
Brodmann's Area 4
Motor
75
Brodmann's Area 17
Vision
76
Brodmann's Area 41/42
Auditory
77
Brodmann's Area 44/45
Broca's Area
78
CT Scan - How
X-ray absorption at several positions around the head
79
CT Scan - Resolution
Relatively low
80
CT Scan - Structure or Function?
Structure
81
CT Scan - Advantages vs Disadvantages
A: - Cheap - Simple D: - Low spatial resolution
82
MRI Scan - How
Strong magnets cause protons in brain tissue to line up in parallel, pulse of radio waves alters spin of protons, and protons reconfigure themselves, emitting radio waves that differ by tissue density
83
MRI Scan - Resolution
Higher than CT
84
MRI Scan - Structural or Functional
Structural
85
MRI Scan - Advantages and Disadvantages
A: - Higher resolution - Less invasive D: - Costly
86
What is the energy source of the brain?
Glucose
87
Where does the brain store its energy source?
No where!
88
fMRI - How
Active neurons demand more glucose and oxygen, so they have greater blood flow to active regions; fMRI measures changes in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood; uses BOLD contrast as a measure
89
True or false: Oxygen poor blood is more magentic
True
90
True or false: measures of an fMRI are quantitative
False, they are relative
91
fMRI - Resolution
2-3 mm of active neurons, temporal resolution of a few seconds
92
How is a mean difference image obtained from fMRI?
Control image is subtracted from the visual stimulus, then participants are averaged
93
PET - How
Uses radioactive chemicals injected into bloodstream and maps their destination by the radioactive emissions; identifies which brain regions contribute to specific functions
94
PET - Structural or functional
Functional
95
True or False: PET scans can identify which brain regions contribute to specific functions
True

Lab Techniques in Neuroscience (3 decks)

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