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Earth Science > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Who suggested continental drift?

A

Alfred Wegener

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2
Q

Why was continental drift rejected?

A

How would continents move and how could they move through the solid rock of the seafloor

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3
Q

Order the spheres of the earth:
Outer core
Inner core
Mesosphere
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere

A

Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Mesosphere
Outer Core
Inner Core

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4
Q

What is convection?

A

One way that heat is transferred

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5
Q

What causes tectonic plates to move?

A

Convection

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6
Q

What is convergence?

A

Plates colliding with each other

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7
Q

What is divergence?

A

Plates going away from each others

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8
Q

What can cause divergence?

A

Hot new crust going up and pushing two plates away from each other

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9
Q

What are the two types of convergence?

A

Normal (they collide head on)
Subduction (one goes under the other)

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10
Q

What is a transform boundary?

A

When two plates slide past each other

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11
Q

What can divergent plate boundaries cause?

A

Seafloor spreading; mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys

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12
Q

What are the three types of normal convergences, and what do they cause?

A

Oceanic-Continental; volcanic mountain ranges
Continental-Continental; mountains
Oceanic-Oceanic; volcanic island arcs

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13
Q

What are hot spots/magma plumes?

A

Narrow areas of hot molten rock that come from deeper in the earth

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14
Q

What are plate boundary zones?

A

Where more than two plates interact to cause complex interactions

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15
Q

What caused the breakup of Pangaea?

A

A mantle plume under Iceland

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16
Q

What ocean was created because of the breakup of Pangaea?

A

The Atlantic

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17
Q

What ocean is shrinking?

A

The Pacific

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18
Q

Who proposed seafloor spreading?

A

Hess

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19
Q

Who gathered magnetic evidence of seafloor spreading?

A

Vine and Matthews

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20
Q

Who proposed seafloor movement and subduction?

A

Hess

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21
Q

Who gathered evidence of subduction?

A

Plafker

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22
Q

Who proposed movement of plates in his explanations of hot spots and transform boundaries?

A

Wilson

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23
Q

Who brought the ideas of plates, seafloor spreading, subduction, hot spots, and transform boundaries into the theory of plate tectonics?

A

Le Pichon, McKenzie, and Morgan

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24
Q

Where is the Ring of Fire located?

A

At the rim of the Pacific Ocean

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25
Q

How did scientists map the interior of the earth?

A

By using earthquakes and what waves produced by it can or cannot be found

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26
Q

What is a shadow zone?

A

An area of the earth where there is little penetration by seismic waves

27
Q

How do scientists know the composition of the earth’s mantle and core?

A

Because of meteorites

28
Q

What are waves of energy that shake the rocks beneath the surface and come from an earthquake called?

A

Body waves

29
Q

Primary waves shake rocks which way?

A

Back and forth

30
Q

What can primary waves pass through?

A

Solids, liquids, and gases

31
Q

Secondary waves shake rocks which way?

A

Up and down

32
Q

What can secondary waves pass through?

A

Just solids

33
Q

What happens when body waves reach the surface?

A

They become surface waves

34
Q

Rayleigh waves shake rocks which way?

A

In a circular motion

35
Q

Love waves shake rocks which way?

A

Side to side

36
Q

What are the body waves and surface waves?

A

BODY:
Primary Waves
Secondary Waves

SURFACE:
Rayleigh Waves
Love Waves

37
Q

What do seismometers do?

A

They measure body and surface waves

38
Q

How can you know the distance to an earthquake’s epicenter?

A

By measuring the interval between P and S waves

39
Q

How many seismometers to find an earthquake’s epicenter?

A

At least 3

40
Q

Body waves do not travel directly through the earth

A
41
Q

Where can you find deeper earthquakes: subduction zones or transform boundaries?

A

Subduction

42
Q

What three factors affect what type of magma erupts from a volcano?

A

Viscosity, which is how thick the magma is and how it flows
Silica content, which helps determine viscosity
Gas content, which is the percentage of dissolved gases

43
Q

What are the three types of magma?

A

Basaltic magma; andesitic magma; rhyolitic magma

44
Q

What is the viscosity, silica content, gas content, and volcano formed of basaltic magma?

A

Viscosity: Runny
Silica Content: Low
Gas Content: Low
Volcano Formed: Shield (or cinder cone if it has high gas content)

45
Q

What is the viscosity, silica content, gas content, and volcano formed of andesitic magma?

A

Viscosity: Thick
Silica Content: High
Gas Content: High
Volcano Formed: Composite

46
Q

What is the viscosity, silica content, gas content, and volcano formed of rhyolitic magma?

A

Viscosity: Medium
Silica Content: Medium
Gas Content: Medium
Volcano Formed: Cinder cone

47
Q

What do volcanoes send out when they erupt?

A

Gas, lava, ash, dust, and pyroclastic materials

48
Q

How are shield volcanoes formed?

A

When runny lava with not much pressure seeps out they form layer after layer

49
Q

How are cindercone volcanoes formed?

A

When low viscosity lava with a lot of pressure erupts with an explosion

50
Q

How are composite volcanoes formed?

A

When high viscosity lava with a lot of pressure erupts violently, but lava doesn’t travel far so it forms a steep slope, with the stuff that comes out of the volcano also forming it

51
Q

What is the life of a shield volcano?

A

Long, with long, continuous periods of seeping eruptions

52
Q

What is the life of a cindercone volcano?

A

Short-lived, with one short eruption

53
Q

What is the life of a composite volcano?

A

Long-lived, with long periods of dormancy and short periods of eruptions

54
Q

Where do volcanoes form?

A

Divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries (where a oceanic crust sinks below another crust), or hot spots

55
Q

What volcanoes form at divergent boundaries?

A

Undersea volcanoes or volcanoes which erupt nonexplosively and whose lava contains basalt and rhyolite

56
Q

What volcanoes form at convergent boundaries (oceanic-oceanic)?

A

Volcanic island arcs that erupt explosively and whose lava is mostly basalt and andesite

57
Q

What volcanoes form at convergent boundaries (oceanic-continental)?

A

Composite and cinder cone volcanoes that erupt explosively and whose lava is mostly andesite and basalt

58
Q

What volcanoes form at hot spots?

A

Volcanic island chains with shield volcanoes that erupt nonexplosively and contains basalt in the ocean, and fissures that erupt nonexplosively and contain basalt and rhyolite

59
Q

Where do mountains form?

A

At the edges of tectonic plates

60
Q

What kind of mountain forms at each plate convergence?

A

Continental-Continental: Mountains
Oceanic-Oceanic: Volcanic Mountain Island Arc
Continental-Oceanic: Volcanic Mountain

61
Q

What can earthquakes cause (bad)?

A

Destruction of man-made things, and tsunamis

62
Q

What can volcanic eruptions cause (bad)?

A

Devastating ecosystems, human property, and life; and simultaneous cooling and heating of the earth

63
Q

What can volcanic eruptions cause (good)?

A

Minerals go out of the earth for easy mining; and ash fertilizes the land

64
Q

What can mountains cause?

A

Influence on weather

Earth Science (10 decks)

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