Unit 2

Question 1

Nucleic acids are made up of _____ and ________.

Answer 1

Polymers
Monomers

Question 2

The bond formed between A and T and C and G in DNA

Answer 2

Hydrogen(H) Bonds

Question 3

H bonds are _____ and can be disrupted by things such as ___ and _____.

Answer 3

Weak
pH
Heat

Question 4

Electronegative atoms such as O(Oxygen) and N(Nitrogen) share an H atom with ________________

Answer 4

another electronegative atom

Question 5

What is the chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons, holding two atoms together?

Answer 5

Covalent bond

Question 6

Chargraff’s Rule says that:

Answer 6

The amount of one base(A and T, G and C) is equal to the amount of the complementary base.

Question 7

What is a Phosphodiester Bond

Answer 7

3’ C-O-P-O-C 5’ linkage

Question 8

A phosphodiester bond is _______ and can withstand ____ and ______.

Answer 8

Stronger
pH
Heat

Question 9

A phosphodiester bond gives DNA _________ and ________.

Answer 9

polarity(asymmetry)
directionality(5’ to 3’ from top to bottom)

Question 10

what is denaturation:

Answer 10

The separation of paired, complementary strands of nucleic acids

Question 11

If you disrupt the ___________ ________ holding together secondary structure, it will __________.

Answer 11

noncovalent interactions
denature(lose its 3d structure)

Question 12

Noncovalent interactions include ____ _______ and ____ _______.

Answer 12

base stacking
H Bonding

Question 13

Noncovalent interactions can be disrupted by ______ and _________.

Answer 13

High pH
Temperature

Question 14

What three components does a nucleotide consist of?

Answer 14

A 5 carbon sugar, a base, and one or more phosphate groups

Question 15

Is A double or single ringed

Answer 15

Adenine is double ringed

Question 16

Is T double or single ringed

Answer 16

Thymine is single ringed

Question 17

Is G double or single ringed

Answer 17

Guanine is double ringed

Question 18

Is C double or single ringed

Answer 18

Cytosine is single ringed

Question 19

The combination of sugar and base is known as a __________

Answer 19

Nucleoside

Question 20

A nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups is a __________

Answer 20

Nucleotide

Question 21

The nucleoside ___________ is used to form DNA and RNA

Answer 21

Triphosphate

Question 22

What does polarity mean for a DNA strand

Answer 22

One end differs from the other, the nucleoside at the top has a 5’ phosphate, and the nucleoside at the bottom has a 3’ hydroxyl.

Question 23

What form do cellular DNA molecules make

Answer 23

Double helix

Question 24

What are the complementary pairs

Answer 24

A and T, G and C

Question 25

Paired strands are not _______ but are ___________

Answer 25

Identical Complementary

Question 26

What are the three key structural features of DNA

Answer 26

subunit bases, a linear polymer of nucleotides with sugar subunits linked by phosphodiester bonds, and the double helix shape with two antiparallel strands.

Question 27

R is used to represent the purine bases which are

Answer 27

A and G

Question 28

Y is used to represent the pyrimidine bases which are

Answer 28

T and C

Question 29

DNA molecules are copied in the process of __________ which relies on _________

Answer 29

replication base pairing

Question 30

Can the DNA molecule specify exact copies of itself?

Answer 30

Yes, in a process called replication

Question 31

The synthesis of a new strand of DNA is carried out by an enzyme called __________

Answer 31

DNA polymerase

Question 32

When replication is complete, there are two molecules, each containing one _________ strand and one _________ strand

Answer 32

parental daughter

Question 33

Wherever one strand carries an A, the other must carry a ______

Answer 33

T

Question 34

Wherever one strand carries an G, the other must carry a ______

Answer 34

C

Question 35

An unrepaired in DNA replication can cause a _________

Answer 35

Mutation

Question 36

What is the intermediary between DNA and proteins

Answer 36

RNA

Question 37

What is the first step of decoding DNA? What happens during it?

Answer 37

Transcription. A molecule of DNA is used as a template to generate a molecule of RNA

Question 38

What enables the transference of information from DNA and RNA

Answer 38

Base Pairing

Question 39

What is the second step in the readout of genetic information? What happens during it?

Answer 39

Translation A molecule of RNA is used as a code for the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Question 40

The production of a functional gene product

Answer 40

Gene expression

Question 41

What is the usual flow of genetic information in a cell

Answer 41

DNA to RNA to protein

Question 42

Where are proteins synthesized?

Answer 42

Ribosomes

Question 43

RNA is a polymer of nucleotides in which the 5-carbon sugar is ________

Answer 43

Ribose

Question 44

RNA is less _____ than DNA because ___________

Answer 44

Stable the additional hydroxyl groups in ribose

Question 45

How do the size of RNA molecules compare to DNA molecules

Answer 45

They are much shorter

Question 46

Most RNA molecules are _______ stranded and most DNA molecules are ________ stranded

Answer 46

Single Double

Question 47

What replaces Thymine when transcription to an RNA sequence?

Answer 47

U(Uracil)

Question 48

The enzyme that carries out polymerization is known as the _________

Answer 48

RNA polymerase

Question 49

What is the first stage of transcription? What happens during it?

Answer 49

Initiation. RNA Polymerase and other proteins are attracted to double-stranded DNA. The DNA strands separate and transcription of the template begins.

Question 50

What is the second stage of transcription? What happens during it?

Answer 50

Elongation. Successive nucleotides are added to the 3' end of the growing RNA transcript as the RNA polymerase proceeds along the template strand.

Question 51

What is the third stage of transcription? What happens during it?

Answer 51

Termination. The RNA polymerase encounters a sequence in the template strand that causes transcription to stop and the RNA transcript to be released.

Question 52

Transcription starts at a _________ and ends at a __________

Answer 52

Promoter Terminator

Question 53

What is sigma factor?

Answer 53

The protein that helps mediate promoter recognition within bacteria.

Question 54

What is a mediator complex of proteins?

Answer 54

They are proteins within a eukaryotic cell that recruit the RNA polymerase complex to the promoter.

Question 55

What is added to grow the transcript in the process of elongation?

Answer 55

Successive ribonucleotides

Question 56

The RNA polymerase complex is a molecular machine that __________________

Answer 56

Opens, transcribes, and closes DNA.

Question 57

In prokaryotes, what is the relation between the mRNA and the primary transcript?

Answer 57

The primary transcript is the mRNA

Question 58

What is the primary transcript?

Answer 58

The RNA transcript that comes off the template DNA strand.

Question 59

What does the primary transcript contain?

Answer 59

The complement of every base that was transcribed from the DNA template

Question 60

What is mRNA? What does it do?

Answer 60

Messenger RNA carrie’s genetic messages(information) from the DNA to the ribosome.

Question 61

How quickly are primary transcripts in prokaryotes translated?

Answer 61

Immediately

Question 62

Why are transcription and translation not spatially separated in prokaryotes?

Answer 62

The lack of a nucleus.

Question 63

Molecules of mRNA that code for multiple proteins are known as ___________

Answer 63

Polycistronic mRNA

Question 64

In eukaryotes, what is the barrier between the processes of transcription and translation?

Answer 64

The nuclear envelope

Question 65

Where does transcription take place in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 65

The nucleus

Question 66

Where does translation take place in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 66

The cytoplasm

Question 67

What does RNA processing do?

Answer 67

It converts the primary transcript into the finished mRNA, which can then be translated by the ribosome.

Question 68

What would happen if the mRNA is missing it’s 5’ cap?

Answer 68

The ribosome would not recognize it and attach, and translation would not occur.

Question 69

The addition of a string of about 250 consecutive A bearing ribonucleotides to the 3’ end forming a poly tail.

Answer 69

Polyadenylation

Question 70

Regions of the coding sequence that are expressed are ________

Answer 70

Exons

Question 71

Noncoding regions that are interspersed are called ________

Answer 71

Introns

Question 72

RNA splicing is the process of

Answer 72

Joining exons and removing introns

Question 73

Approximately ____% of human genes contain at least one _____

Answer 73

90 Intron

Question 74

Are all primary transcripts processed into mRNA?

Answer 74

No

Question 75

What are some noncoding forms of RNA?

Answer 75

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) Micro RNA (micRNA) Small interfering RNA (siRNA)

Question 76

Which form of RNA makes up the bulk of ribosomes and where is it found?

Answer 76

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and it is found in the nucleolus

Question 77

Which form of RNA carries individual amino acids for use in translation?

Answer 77

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 78

What form of RNA is an essential component to the spliceosome?

Answer 78

Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

Question 79

Which two forms of RNA are most abundant?

Answer 79

Ribosomal (rRNA) and transfer (tRNA)

Question 80

Which form(s) of RNA destroys transcripts or inhibits translation?

Answer 80

Micro RNA (miRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA)

Question 81

In a nucleotide, to which carbon in the sugar is the base attached?

Answer 81

1’

Question 82

A deoxyribose linked to a thymine is referred to as a:

Answer 82

nucleoside

Question 83

A polymerization reaction is made irreversible by:

Answer 83

hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate group.

Question 84

When RNA are transcribed into DNA it is called ___________

Answer 84

Reverse transcription

Question 85

What dimensional structure does a protein form?

Answer 85

Three dimensional

Question 86

Structures that are made up of RNA and are the proteins that bind with mRNA?

Answer 86

Ribosomes

Question 87

The large subunit of the ribosome contains ______ binding sites for tRNA which are called ________

Answer 87

Three Aminoacyl(A) Site Peptidyl(P) Site Exit(E) Site

Question 88

The three stop codons are ___, ___, and ___

Answer 88

UAA UGA UAG

Question 89

An amino acid contains a central atom called the ____________

Answer 89

Alpha Carbon

Question 90

What four groups is the alpha carbon atom connected to via covalent bonds:

Answer 90

Amino group Carboxyl group Hydrogen atom variable R group

Question 91

Hydrophobic is _______

Answer 91

water fearing

Question 92

Hydrophilic is _______

Answer 92

water loving

Question 93

The R groups are __________ and are grouped according to their properties with a particular interest on whether they are hydrophobic/hydrophilic

Answer 93

chemically diverse

Question 94

Polar molecules are hydrophilic and tend to form _________ bonds with each other and water molecules.

Answer 94

Hydrogen

Question 95

When translating, what direction do you always read?

Answer 95

From 5' to 3'

Question 96

Primary structure is ________

Answer 96

The linear amino acid structure held together by covalent bonds

Question 97

Secondary structure is _________

Answer 97

H bonding between backbone atoms. Alpha helices and beta sheets are examples of this.

Question 98

Tertiary structure is _________

Answer 98

Results from interactions between amino acids R groups.