Unit 2 Flashcards
(426 cards)
1
Q
Health care provider who practices either in collaboration with or under supervision of a physician.
Ex: Nurse practitioner
Clinical nurse specialist
Physician Assistant PA
A
Non-Physical Practitioner
2
Q
Non-Physical Practitioner
A
Health care provider who practices either in collaboration with or under supervision of a physician.
Ex: Nurse practitioner
Clinical nurse specialist
Physician Assistant PA
3
Q
Primary Care Physician (PCP)
A
A specialist physician trained to work in the front line of a healthcare system and provide care for any health problems that a patient may have.
4
Q
A specialist physician trained to work in the front line of a healthcare system and provide care for any health problems that a patient may have.
A
Primary Care Physician (PCP)
5
Q
Pediatrician
A
A specialist physician who provides medical care to infants, children and adolescents.
6
Q
A specialist physician who provides medical care to infants, children and adolescents.
A
Pediatrician
7
Q
Medical History
A
Record of past and current health (habits, lifestyle and family history of illness)
8
Q
Record of past and current health (habits, lifestyle and family history of illness)
A
Medical History
9
Q
Chief Complaint
A
The patient’s description of what they feel; the main health problem
10
Q
The patient’s description of what they feel; the main health problem
A
Chief Complaint
11
Q
Physical Signs
A
Observable signs of illness (rash, coughing or fever)
12
Q
Observable signs of illness (rash, coughing or fever)
A
Physical Signs
13
Q
Symptoms
A
Any subjective evidence of disease a patient perceives, such as aches, nausea, or fatigue.
14
Q
These allow the healthcare provider to narrow down the possible conditions that may be affecting the patient and then run tests to make a diagnosis.
A
Symptoms
15
Q
Diagnosis
A
The process of determining which disease or condition explains a person’s symptoms
16
Q
The process of determining which disease or condition explains a person’s symptoms
A
Diagnosis
17
Q
How long does a doctor have on average to make a diagnosis?
A
15-20 minutes
18
Q
outward behavior or bearing
A
Demeanor
19
Q
Four ways to effectively interview a patient
A
- Rapport: conversation friendly
- Make eye contact
- Listen: question one at a time
- Respectful, openminded and no assumptions
20
Q
Tact
A
Discretion and sensitivity in dealing with others.
21
Q
Empathy
A
The ability to understand and share the feelings or another person
22
Q
Explain what vital signs are using etiology in your answer
A
basic bodily functions such as pulse rate, temperature, respirations, and blood pressure (BP).
23
Q
tool that allows one to hear sounds more clearly
A
Stethoscope
24
Q
measures weight
A
Scale
25
measures the force of blood moving through the vessels
Sphygmomanometer
26
Measures how tall a person is from top of the head to the bottom of the feet
tape measure
27
measures the amount of oxygen in the blood
pulse oximeter
28
measures degree of body heat
Therometer
29
number of heart beats per minute
pulse
30
ratio of height to weight
Body Mass Index (BMI)
31
used to measure the number of breaths or beats per minute
Timer
32
Abbreviation
LPN
Licensed Practical Nurse
33
Abbreviation
RN
Registered Nurse
34
Abbreviation
NP
Nurse Practitioner
35
Training LPN
High School diploma; graduation from LPN program
36
Training RN
Bachelor of Science of Nursing (BSN)
37
Training NP
Bachelors and Masters or Doctorate beyond RN
38
Duties LPN (2)
Records Patient history
Takes vitals
gives injections
39
Duties RN (5)
Maintain records
gives meds
orders and interpret test
start IVs
educate patients
40
Duties NP (3)
Collects samples
create treatment plans
documents symptoms
41
Who does LPN work under?
RN
42
Who is the medical writer and editor
RN
43
Who provides many of the same services that a doctor provides?
NP
44
LPN average pay
$43,000-$64,000
45
RN average pay
$42,000-$120,000
46
NP average pay
$72,000-130,000
47
How is an eye exam done, and what tool/instrument is used?
External anatomy examined
hand held device: ophthalmoscope (look inside the eye)
48
Hand held tool/instrument to look inside the eye
Ophthalmoscope
49
Any markings or deformity of the cornea which can signal injury
Corneal Abrasion
50
Corneal Abrasion
Any markings or deformity of the cornea which can signal injury
51
a change in color or appearance of the retina which can signal disease
can be caused by many disease, but Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) a genetic disease can lead to visual changes
52
Otoscope
a tool/instrument with light and magnifying glass to look inside the ear
53
a tool/instrument with light and magnifying glass to look inside the ear
Otoscope
54
Acute otitis media
Infection and inflammation of the middle ear causing pain and diminished hearing
55
Infection and inflammation of the middle ear causing pain and diminished hearing
Acute otitis media
56
On exam, redness or bulging of the eardrum often accompanied by fluid behind the eardrum signaling infection (Objective signs of what)
Acute otitis media
57
What tool/instrument is used to examine the nasal passages the doctor has the patient say "ahh" to observe the anatomy of the throat.
Otoscope
58
Symptoms of Strep Throat
Sever sore throat
Painful Swallowing
Red and inflamed tonsils and uvula
Fever
Body aches
Swollen lymph nodes in the neck
59
Sever sore throat
Painful Swallowing
Red and inflamed tonsils and uvula
Fever
Body aches
Swollen lymph nodes in the neck
Strep Throat
60
one symptom is characteristic white patches of infected tissue on the tonsil surface
Strep Throat
61
Inflammation of the tonsils caused by viral or bacterial infection
Tonsilitis
62
Has similar symptoms to Strep Throat
Tonsilitis
63
Heart: consistent rhythm and a good strong sound
Normal heart sounds
64
Sounds of a heart murmur
Wooshing sound either at the beginning or end
65
Wooshing sound either at the beginning or end
Heart Murmur
66
Woosh then a bum bum and sounds weak
Mitral Valve Regurgitation
67
Sound of Mitral Valve Regurgitation
Whoosh then bum bum and sounds weak
68
Sound of normal/clear lungs
Clear woosh of air with each inhalation and exhalation
69
Describe Wheezing
Whistling sound
70
What causes wheezing
Mucus narrowing the airways
71
Wheezing is associated with what disorder
Asthma
72
What do crackles/Rales sound like?
Short and intermittent clicking, rattling or popping sounds
73
Short and intermittent clicking, rattling or popping sounds
Crackles/Rales
74
What causes Crackles/Rales
Fluid fills alveoli
75
Associated with asthma
Mucous in the airways
76
Sound associated with pneumonia
Crackles/Rales
77
Associated with pneumonia
Fluid filled alveoli
78
harsh shrill sound similar to wheezing
Stridor
79
What does Stridor sound like
Harsh shrill sound similar to wheezing
80
What is diagnosis associated with a partially blocked windpipe (trachea)
stridor
81
Associated with Stridor
Allergic reaction
82
Sound of Rhonchi
Low pitched rumbling, gurgling usually goes away briefly after coughing
83
Low pitched rumbling, gurgling usually goes away briefly after coughing
Rhonchi
84
What happens in the lungs with rhonchi
Bronchi or bronchioles narrow
85
Associated with Rhonchi
Bronchiectasis
86
Sound associated with Bronchiectasis
Rhonchi
87
Scientific name for White Blood Cells (WBC)
Leukocytes
88
Scientific name for platelets
Thrombocytes
89
Common name for Leukocytes
White Blood Cells (WBC)
90
Common name for thrombocytes
Platelets
91
Scientific name for Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Erythrocytes
92
Common name for Erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
93
The liquid part of blood
plasma
94
Cells that active the immune response
White Blood Cells (WBC)
Leukocytes
95
Cells that carry oxygen
Red blood cells (RBC)
96
Role of the leukocytes
Active the immune response
97
Role of the Erythrocytes
Carries oxygen
98
Two Careers related to blood
Phlebotomist
Hematologist
99
Phlebotomist
Medical professional that is trained to draw blood from patients who require testing or is donating blood
100
Medical professional that is trained to draw blood from patients who require testing or is donating blood
Phlebotomist
101
Hematologist
Doctor that specializes in the research, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of blood disorders
102
Doctor that specializes in the research, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of blood disorders
Hematologist
103
Where do hematologist work
Hospitals, labs, clinics or blood bank
104
What vessels are used for blood draws and why
Veins because they are more superficial than arteries
105
Which vein is the most commonly used vein for a blood draw
Median cubital vein commonly called the antecubital vein
106
Why is the median cubital vein (antecubital vein) most commonly used for blood draws
It is extremely large and is often easily seen and felt
107
what is plasma
liquid part of the blood
108
Three thing to do before blood draw to make the patient feel comfortable
Greet the patient and introduce yourself
Confirm the patient's name and test
Allergies and medications
109
T/F Remove the tourniquet AFTER you have removed the needle from the arm?
False
110
What are bloodborne pathogens?
Disease one can get from the blood
111
What are PPEs
Things phlebotomist uses to protect themselves from bloodborne pathogens such as gloves and face shields.
112
When/why is a complete blood count (CBC) ran?
It's part of a routine exam or if there are signs or symptoms that may indicate a potential condition impacting blood cells.
113
Test ran as part of a routine exam or if there are signs or symptoms that may indicate a potential condition impacting blood cells
complete blood count (CBC)
114
Five components measured in a CBC
White Blood Cells (WBC)
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
Hematocrit (HCT)
Platelets
115
Cells that fight infection
WBC
116
Cells that carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout the body
RBC
117
This allows RBCs to pick up oxygen from the air and deliver it to the body
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
118
Abbreviation for Hemoglobin
Hgb
119
Abbreviation for hematocrit
HCT
120
What is the measure of proportion of RBCs to plasma
Hematocrit (HCT)
121
Bits of cells that help with clotting
Platelets
122
see chart of normal range for CBC
123
What does it mean if low WBC count
Viral infection is preventing bone marrow from making new WBCs
124
What cell is involved when one has a viral infection preventing bone marrow from making new cells
WBCs
125
Diagnosis with low RBC count
Anemia causing tiredness, shortness of breath and weakness
126
What cell is involved with anemia causing tiredness, shortness of breath and weakness
RBCs
127
Low Hemoglobin (Hgb) is
Not enough healthy cells carrying oxygen to the body's tissues
128
What is low if there are not enough healthy cells carrying oxygen to the body's tissues
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
129
Five common reasons for low Hematocrit (HCT)
Low levels of RBCs (anemia)
Loss of Blood
Iron deficiency
Bone marrow problems such as Sickle Cell
130
What part of blood is low
Low RBCs (anemia)
Loss of Blood
Iron Deficiency
Bone marrow problems
Hematocrit (HCT)
131
Low platelet count results in
thrombocytopenia: trouble clotting
132
Thrombocytopenia: trouble clotting is the result of
low platelet count
133
Symptom of Thrombocytopenia
trouble clotting blood
134
Three causes of high WBC
Infection
Inflammation
Leukemia
135
What cell is involved in
Infection
Inflammation
Leukemia
High WBC
136
High RBC count results in
Limited oxygen supply due to heart or other condition triggering need for extra RBCs
137
What cell involve in limited oxygen supply due to hear or other condition triggering need for extra oxygen
RBCs
138
High Hemoglobin (Hgb) results in
low oxygen levels in the blood; common reasons bone marrow disease or congenital heart disease
139
What part of the blood would be high levels with low oxygen levels in the blood; common reasons bone marrow disease or congenital heart disease
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
140
What are common reasons for low oxygen levels in the blood?
Bone marrow disease congenital heart disease
141
What does high hematocrit (HCT) mean
more RBCs than is considered healthy; maybe caused by heart disease, dehydration, scaring or thickening of the lungs
142
More RBCs than are considered healthy, high hematocrit (HCT) maybe caused by
heart disease, dehydration, or scaring or thickening of the lungs
143
What blood part test high with heart disease, dehydration or scaring or thickening of the lungs
Hematocrit (HCT)
144
What is causes of high platelet count
Cancer such as lung, ovarian, gastrointestinal or breast
145
What part of the blood will test high with cancer?
Platelet
146
A way for individuals to remotely access health related services using technology rather than in person contact.
Telehealth
147
The goal of Telehealth
to make it easier for a patient to connect with a health care provider
148
Ways telehealth is used
*Drones to deliver medication to disaster zones
*smart phones alert about disease in the area
*smart phones direct patients to take medications or vaccines
*Doctors connect virtually to patients
149
Who can benefit from telehealth
Someone who is unable to come in to the clinic or those in other countries
150
Cellular Respiration
Chemical reactions the cells use to create energy (ATP)
151
Where does cellular respiration occur
Mitochondria
152
The energy produced by the cells are (3)
biomolecules
large molecules
macromolecules
153
Where are mitochondria most prolific?
Muscle cells and sperm cells
154
Why are more mitochondria found in the muscle cells and sperm cells?
They have a greater requirement for energy
155
The basic energy source (chemical energy) to help maintain the cellular metabolism and act as a stimulus to make the cells more effective in their function
Nucleotides
156
Compounds such as sugar starch and cellulose
Carbohydrates
157
A primary source of energy for the cells
Carbohydrates
158
A secondary source of energy for cells
Lipids
159
One of a family of compounds including fats, phospholipids, and steroids that is insoluble in water
Lipids
160
A biomolecule made of building blocks called amino acids
Protein
161
determined by a cell's nucleic acid sequence
Protein's form and function
162
Last resort of energy for the cell
Protein
163
Biomolecules that carry the instructions for producing proteins
Nucleic acids
164
Examples of Nucleic acids are
DNA
RNA
165
Not a source of energy
Nucleic Acids
166
Carbohydrates are metabolized in the digestive system to form _________
to produce ______________.
glucose
energy
167
A hormone released by the pancreas.
Insulin
168
Function of insulin
Allows the cells to absorb glucose to utilize energy
169
Who is most at risk for Type 1 Diabetes?
Juvanials
170
Who is most at risk for Type 2 Diabetes?
Adults especially obese individuals
171
What causes Type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune reaction
172
What causes Type 2 diabetes?
Obesity and physical inactivity
173
What is the type 1 connection to insulin
The body produces little to no insulin
174
What is the type 2 connection to insulin
The body produces insulin but the body is unable to properly absorb it
175
Symptoms of diabetes
fatigue
exhaustion
dizziness
etc...
176
Hypoglycemia
Low Blood Sugar
177
Risk (symptoms) of low blood sugar
Hypoglycemia
Blurred vision
Trouble concentrating
confused thinking
Slurred speech
drowsiness
fainting
death
178
Hyperglycemia
High blood sugar
179
Long term Risk of high blood sugar
Hyperglycemia
Stroke
heart disease
kidney disease
vision loss
180
How to stay healthy with diabeties
eat healthy diet (low carb) and increase exercise
181
How to stay healthy with Type 1 diabetes
take the proper amount of insulin for food eaten to maintain a good blood sugar range
182
How to stay healthy with Type 2 dieabetes
eat healthy, low carb, and lose weight
183
Homeostasis
the internal stability of the body that enables the optimal functioning of an organism
184
the internal stability of the body that enables the optimal functioning of an organism
Homeostasis
185
What happens when blood sugar gets too high (hyperglycemia)
the pancreas releases insulin which allows the cells to take in glucose and blood sugar decreases
186
What happens when blood sugar gets too low (hypoglycemia)
the liver releases glucagon which allows the body to release stored glucose
187
Why do diabetics have to work so hard to maintain glucose homeostasis than non-diabetics?
T1
T2
Type 1 diabetics don't produce insulin, so they are unable to absorb glucose into the cells
Type 2 diabetics are unable to use the insulin they produce properly
188
RPM
Remote Patient Monitoring
189
What is remote patient monitoring?
Monitoring patient health outside of a medical setting
190
CGM
Continuous Glucose Monitor
191
What is used to monitor glucose level continuously and remotely?
Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM)
192
What is an insulin pump used for?
To deliver insulin to the blood steam
193
What information do medical professionals need to have access to while performing their job
Times seen doctor and why
Types of doctor and procedures
Medicines and health problems
Problems in personal life
Test results
Insurance plan
Payment Information
194
What does HIPAA stand for
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
195
What happens to medical personnel who don't follow HIPAA?
Fines
Loss of employment
Criminal Prosecution
196
Information protected by HIPAA
*Name, address, birth date, social security number
*Past, present and future physical or mental health conditions
*Past, present, and future payments for services
197
How are medical professionals supposed to protect information under HIPAA?
There are lots of things listed. Basically, use common since, just do your best not share the information without the patient's consent.
198
When can HIPAA information be shared
Insurance
Workman compensation
Public Health: Disease transition
Legal proceedings
Low enforcement: public at risk
Disaster situations
Assist Coroner or ME (Medical Examiner)
Give any information if patient gives specific consent
199
Four most common HIPAA violations
*Accessing PHI of celebrities, friend, family, coworkers and neighbors
*Failure to perform an office risk analysis
*Improper disclosure of PHI
*Denying a patient access to their health records
200
Differential Diagnosis
Distinguishing between different conditions with similar symptoms.
201
Somatic cell
Any cell in the human body that is not a sex cell
202
Mitosis
The division of cells that takes place int he nucleus of the cells. (The separation of genetic material results in the formation of two new nuclei.)
203
Three reasons Somatic Cells need to reproduce
Replacing cells that die
healing a wound
growth spirt
204
Any cell in the human body that is not a sex cell
Somatic Cell
205
The dividing of a cell that takes place in the nucleus.
Mitosis
206
The doubling and separation of genetic material results in the formation of
Two new nuclei
207
Chromosomes
tightly coiled DNA that is found in the nuclei of cells
208
How many chromosomes are in the human body>
46
209
Homologous chromosomes
Chromosome pairs, one from each parent having similar gene compositions, size, and structure
210
Centromere
The centralized region joining two sister chromatids
211
Tightly coiled DNA that is found in the nuclei of cells
Chromosomes
212
Chromosomes pairs, one from each parent, having similar gene composition, size and structure
Homologous Chromosomes
213
The centralized region joining two sister chromatids
Centromere
214
Interphase
DNA replicates so there are two copies of each chromosome.
215
Identical copies of a chromosome
Sister Chromatid
216
Sister Chromatid
Identical copies of a chromosome
217
Prophase
Chromosomes condense and become visible under a light microscope and they pair up with their sister chromatids. The miotic spindle forms and the nuclear envelope disappears.
218
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell. Fibers attach to each of the cell sister Chromatids and will pull each chromatid to opposite poles of the cell.
219
Anaphase
Each chromosome separates and the sister chromatids are pulled to the opposite poles of the cell
220
Telophase + Cytokinesis
The cell splits into two. Each "Daughter Cell" looks identical to the original cell
221
DNA replicates so there are two copies of each chromosome.
Interphase
222
Identical copies of a chromosome
Sister Chromatid
223
Chromosomes condense and become visible under a light microscope and they pair up with their sister chromatids. The miotic spindle forms and the nuclear envelope disappears.
Prophase
224
Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell. Fibers attach to each of the cell sister Chromatids and will pull each chromatid to opposite poles of the cell.
metaphase
225
Each chromosome separates and the sister chromatids are pulled to the opposite poles of the cell
Anaphase
226
The cell splits into two. Each "Daughter Cell" looks identical to the original cell
Telophase + Cytokinesis
227
Tumor
A lump or mass caused by uncontrolled cell division can be benign or malignant
228
Benign
A tumor that is not cancerous; normally considered harmless
229
Malignant
A cancerous tumor which will grow and spread to invade other parts of the body
230
Cancer
A disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into other tissues
231
Metastasis
the spread of cancerous cells to other tissues or parts of the body
232
Biopsy
The removal of cells or tissues from the body with a needle, scalped or other tool/instrument to study more closely under the microscope
233
A lump or mass caused by uncontrolled cell division can be benign or malignant
Tumor
234
A tumor that is not cancerous; normally considered harmless
Benign
235
A cancerous tumor which will grow and spread to invade other parts of the body
Malignant
236
A disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into other tissue
Cancer
237
The spread of cancerous cells to other tissues or parts of the body
Metastasis
238
The removal of cells or tissues from the body using a needle, scalpel, or other tool/instrument to study them more closely under the microscope.
Biopsy
239
What do pathologist do?
Examine body tissues and fluid samples to look for changes or other signs of disease
240
What is a cytopathologist?
Examines cells under a microscope to look for signs of cancer
241
Who examines body tissues and fluid samples to look for changes or other signs of disease
Pathologist
242
Person who examines cells under a microscope to look for signs of cancer
Cytopathologist
243
Normal Cells (How do they divide)
Divide in an organized manner and die after a limited number of dividisions
244
Cancer Cells (How do they divide)
Proliferate indefinitely resulting in a number of irregularly shaped dividing cells
245
Describe a normal cell
Same size and shape as other cells of the same tissue
246
Describe a cancer cell
Vary in size and shape
247
Cells that Divide in an organized manner and die after a limed number of divisions
Normal Cells
248
Cells that Proliferate indefinitely resulting in a large number of irregularly shaped dividing cells
Cancer Cells
249
cells that have the same size and shape as the other cells of the same tissue
Normal Cells
250
Cells that vary in size and shape
Cancerous Cells
251
Normal or Cancerous
Have one small nucleus
Normal
252
Normal or Cancerous
Have a large variable shaped nuclei
Cancerous
253
Normal or Cancerous
Contain a distinct specialized feature common to the particular cell type
normal
254
Normal or cancerous
Lose specialized cell features preventing the from performing functions properly
Cancerous
255
Normal or cancerous
Arranged in an organized manner with well-definded tissue boundaries
Normal
256
Normal or Cancerous
Disorganized arrangement with poorly defined tissue boundaries
Cancerous
257
Cells that are bigger around and darker are....
Mutated cells
258
Cells that are flat and organized
Healthy Basil cells
259
see page 24
see page 24
260
Cafe Au Lait Spots
Flat light brown spots on the skin
261
Lisch Nodules
tiny bumps on the iris of the eye
262
Neurofibromas
soft pea sized bumps on or under the skin
263
Gene
A sequence of nucleotides that code for a protein, resulting in a specific phenotype
264
Mutation
A rare change in genetic material which ultimately creates genetic diversity within a species
265
What are proteins?
A three-dimensional polymer made of amino acid monomers
266
A protein's form and function are determined by a cell's...
nucleic acid sequence
267
Why are proteins important?
They are the primary building blocks of all life
268
About how many proteins are in the human body?
10,000
269
A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein resulting in a specific phenotype
Gene
270
A rare change in genetic material which ultimately creates genetic diversity within a species
mutation
271
A three dimensional polymer made of amino acid monomers
Protein
272
A cell's nucleic acid sequence determines
A protein's form and function
273
What are the primary building blocks of all life?
Proteins
274
Driving cellular reactions (3)
Digestion
Biosynthesis
Controlling cell growth and division
275
Breaking down foods and cell debries
Digestion
276
Biosynthesis
building cellular components such as DHA, RNA, and cell membranes
277
Providing Defense
Defensive proteins such as antibodies combat foreign invaders including bacteria, viruses, fungi, pollen and others
278
Building Structures:
Silk fibers
Collagen and elastin
Keratin
Spider web
connective tissue
Feathers, hair
279
Transporting materials (3)
*Carry essential nutrients and gases through the body
*For example, the protein hemoglobin transports oxygen for use in cellular respiration
*Carry cellular waste for disposal
280
Coordinating Cellular Activities (2)
*Hormonal proteins help maintain homeostasis (insulin for blood glucose)
*Sensory proteins used to interpret environment (taste, smell, sound)
281
Motor and contractive proteins found in muscles and used during cell division helping the cell move
actin and myosin
282
Building cellular components such as DNA, RNA, and cell membranes
Biosynthesis
283
actin and myosin
Motor and contractive proteins found in muscle cells
284
What is protein synthesis?
The creation of a protein from a DNA template
285
The creation of a protein from a DNA template
Protein synthesis
286
RNA stands for
Ribonucleic Acid
287
RNA
A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with ribose sugars and the nitrogenous bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Uracil (U).
288
Usually single stranded and functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses
RNA
289
A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with ribose sugars and the nitrogenous bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Uracil (U).
RNA
290
Nitrogenous Bases
A
C
G
U
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracile
291
Structure of DNA
Double stranded (forms a double helix)
292
Structure of RNA
Sing stranded
293
Sugar of DNA
Deoxyribose Sugar
294
Sugar of RNA
Ribose sugar
295
Nitrogenous bases pairing rules of DNA
AT
CG
296
Nitrogenous bases pairing rules of RNA
AU
CG
297
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
A type of RNA that is transcribed from DNA and translated by ribosomes in the cytoplasm to produce proteins
298
Transcribed
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
299
Translated
The synthesis of protein using the genetic information encoded in the mRNA
300
Process of translation
the code is read off the mRNA to make a protein
301
A type of RNA that is transcribed from DNA and translated by ribosomes in the cytoplasm to produce proteins
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
302
The synthesis of RNA from DNA template
Transcription
303
The synthesis of protein using the genetic information encoded in mRNA
Translation
304
The process of DNA being read to assemble a single strand of nucleic acid call mRNA
Transcription
305
The code is read off of the mRNA to make a protein
Translation
306
Within a cell, DNA is housed in the
Nucleus
307
When a protein needs to be made, a signal is sent to a cell to turn on the __________ that codes for the needed protein. This is the beginning of _________.
Gene, Transcription
308
Transcription occurs inside the ____________ (cell organelle).
Nucleus
309
During transcription, DNA is read by an enzyme called ________________ producing____________.
RNA Polymerase
Messenger RNA
310
Retinal Pigmentosa (RP)
A genetic disease which can lead to visual changes.
311
The newly created mRNA molecules moves to the ____________ (part of the cell) where the process of translation can occur.
cytoplasm
312
During translation, small organelles called _______________ read the mRNA sequence.
Ribosomes
313
These organelles directly transfer RNA or tRNA to assemble a specific sequence of __________.
amino acid
314
A sequence of three mRNA bases that codes for one amino acid
Codon
315
When all the amino acids coded for by a gene link, they fold, and this creates a...
functional protein
316
Translation Labeling see page 29
317
Three base pair increments
Codon
318
How are codons read
from the center out
319
The first amino acid in every protein in humans
Methionine
320
AUG codes for what protein
Methionine
321
What happens when a codon codes for a stop codon
When a ribosome reads one, it disengages from the mRNA strand and protein synthesis stops.
322
What happens to a protein when changes happen in the sequence of bases that make up a gene
Mutation, changes to an amino acid sequence
323
Three types of mutations
Swapp
Addition
Deletion
324
Silent mutation
not expressed
325
Are genetic mutation avoidable
NO
326
Substitution mutation
One DNA base is exchanged for another
327
Insertion mutation
One DNA base is inserted into a DNA sequence
328
Deletion Mutation
One DNA base is removed from a DNA sequence
329
One DNA base is exchanged for another
Substitution mutation
330
One DNA base is inIserted into a DNA sequence
Insertion mutation
331
One DNA base is removed from a DNA sequence
Deletion mutation
332
What is it called if one base is substituted?
Point mutation
333
What type of mutation if one base is inserted or deleted?
Frame shift mutation
334
What happens to the amino acids when there is a gene base change of substitution, insertion or deletion?
a different amino acid
335
Point mutation
one base is affected
336
Reading frame
Dictates the order of amino acids that will be added to the strand
337
Describe the effect of the substitution mutation on the sequence of amino acids that are produced.
only one reading frame is effected so only one amino acid is effected
338
What are the amino acids are effected with an insertion mutation
every amino acid after the insertion is most likely different
339
What are the amino acids are effected with a deletion mutation
Every amino acid after the deletion of
340
Genetic mutations can be a problem because of the effects of the mutated protein on an individual. Explain statement...
The mutated proteins don't perform the same as a nonmuted protein
341
A mutation is what gene causes Sickle Cell Anemia
HBB gene
342
What two bases are switched with Sickle Cell Anemia?
Adenine with Thymine
343
What type of mutation occurs with Sickle Cell Anemia?
Substitution Mutation
344
What is the amino acid change that occurs with Sickle Cell Anemia?
Glutamic Acid becomes Valine
345
What happens because of the mutation with Sickle Cell Anemia?
RBCs clump together and the person is unable to get enough oxygen
346
A complete set of genes in an organism
Genome
347
What is DNA Sequencing?
A process that determines the order of DNA bases that compose our genes.
348
What does a geneticist do?
Someone who studies genes and gene inheritance and compares the gene sequence from the patient to the gene sequence of a known healthy sequence. Draw conclusions related to the patient's genetic health.
349
What are bioinformatics?
Software programs that analyze DNA
350
NF1 health over lifetime
*increased risk of high BP
*may develop vessel abnormalities
*Rarely plexiform neurofibromas putting pressure on the airway
351
NF1 Signs
Flat light brown spots on the skin
Bone Deformities
tumor on optic nerve
tiny bumps on the iris
Pea sized bumps on or under the skin
352
NF1 Symptoms
headache
glaucoma
pain
seizures
anxiety
ADHAD
353
A complete set of genes in an organism
Genome
354
A process that determines the order of DNA based that compose our genes
DNA Sequencing
355
Someone who studies genes and gene inheritance and compares the gene sequence from the patient to the gene sequence of a known healthy sequence. Draw conclusions related to the patient's genetic health.
Geneticist
356
Software programs that analyze DNA
Bioinformatics
357
Is there a treatment for NF1?
No specific treatment only the symptoms can be managed or treated
358
Summarize the relationship between DNA, mRNA, and proteins
*DNA is transcribed into mRNA
*mRNA is read by ribosomes and translated into amino acids
*Results in proteins
359
How many chromosomes do each parent contribute
One
360
What are the chromosomes that come together during fertilization called?
Homologous chromosomes
361
The homologous chromosomes that come together during fertilization make up...
The first chromosome pair
361
What happens during the first step of mitosis
A copy of DNA is made resulting in two genetically identical copies call sister chromatids
361
Centromere
The central point of the sister chromatids
361
Homologous Chromosomes
Chromosomes that come together at fertilization
362
Sister Chromatids
Two identical copies of DNA
363
The process when a copy of DNA is made resulting in two genetically identical copies call sister chromatids
First step of mitosis
364
An organism's qualities/characteristics
phenotype
365
The variant that tends to override the other variant, hiding its properties, represented with capital letter
dominant
366
When both alleles are the same (either dominant or recessive)
homozygous
367
The 2 versions of each gene we inherit one from mom and one from dad
Chromosome
368
When the two alleles are different (one recessive and one dominant)
Heterozygous
369
The passing of traits to child from parent (via genes on chromosomes)
genotype
370
The 2 alleles for a gene
Dominant and Recessive
371
The variant that is only expressed if there are 2 copies represented with lowercase letters
Recessive
372
Phenotype
an organism's qualities/characteristicsf
373
Dominant Alleles
The variant that tends to override the other variant hiding its properties represented with capital letter
374
Homozygous
when both alleles are the same (either dominant or recessive)
375
Heterozygous
when the two alleles are different (one recessive and one dominant)
376
Genotype
the passing of traits to child from parents (via genes on chromosomes)
377
Recessive
The variant that is only expressed if there are 2 copies represented with lower case letters
378
Spontaneous Mutation
A genetic change that occurs in the absence of mutagens and have no know cause
379
Inherited mutation
A mutated gene that a parent carries that is passed on to the offspring.
380
Pedigree
a diagram that shows the occurrence of phenotypes through several generations of genetically related individuals
381
What is Pedigree used for?
Helps track genetic traits through generations.
382
Autosomal Dominant
One mutated allele is sufficient to cause symptoms in the individual.
383
Autosomal Recessive
Two mutated alleles are required for the individual to experience the disease.
384
see pg 39
385
Genetic changes that occur in the absence of mutagens and have not known cause
Spontaneous mutation
386
A mutation that a parent carries that is passed down to the offspring
inherited mutation
387
A diagram that shows the occurrence of phenotypes through several generations of genetically related individuals
Pedigree
388
Helps track genetic traits through generations
Pedigree
389
One mutated allele is sufficient to cause symptoms in the individual
Autosomal Dominant
390
Two mutated alleles are required for the individual to have disease symptoms
Autosomal Recessive
391
Possible causes as to why someone would not grow at normal rate
Family History
Nutrition
Organ Failure
Abnormal Hormone
Chromosomal Abnormality
392
What does a cytogeneticist do?
Harvest cells from biological samples, blood, tissue, bone marrow, etc; and prepare the cells to view the chromosomes under a microscope
393
What is a chromosome spread
A visual display of chromosomes after they are released from cells, stained and spread out on a slide to be viewed under a microscope
394
Steps of chromosome spread preparation
1. Add cell sample to culture media (a sterile solution that helps the cells grow)
2. Culture or grow the cells in a lab for up to two weeks
3. Arrest or halt cells in metaphase. (To get all of the cells to this specific stage, the cells are treated with a chemical which stops cell division at this point.)
4. Swell and drop cells onto microscope slides. (Cells burst spreading out the chromosomes.)
5. Stain with Giemsa dye and observe the chromosomes under a microscope.
395
A person who harvest cells from biological samples (including blood, tissue, bone marrow, and other bodily fluids) and prepare the cells to view the chromosomes under a microscope
Cytogeneticist
396
A visual display of chromosomes after they are released from cells, stained and spread out on a slide to be viewed under the microscope
Chromosome spread
397
What is special about HeLa Cells
They are the oldest human cell line take and used without the patient's knowledge which has resulted in stronger protections for human subjects.
398
Who was Henrietta Lacks?
HeLa Cells were named after her because the cells were taken from her when she had aggressive cervical cancer.
399
How many chromosomes and chromosomal pairs does a human body have?
46, 23
400
What is a karyotype
A image of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.
401
Why might you see more than 70 chromosomes in a HeLa cell chromosome spread?
It is a cancerous cell, so there will be chromosomal instability; often there is chromosomes gained or lost during mitosis.
402
Gametes
Sperm and egg
403
Meiosis
Cellular process that results in the number of chromosomes in gamete producing cells being reduce by half
404
Reduction division
one of each pair of paired chromosomes passes to each daughter cell
405
Review meiosis
Pg 43-45
406
How many ties does a cell divide and how many cells at the end of the process?
twice
4
407
What happens from the beginning to the end of the meiosis process.
46 chromosomes to 23 chromosomes
408
Three differences between mitosis and meiosis
1. Mitosis goes through PMAT once
Meiosis goes through twice
2. Mitosis ends with 2 identical cells
Meiosis ends with 4
3. Mitosis starts and ends with 46 chromosomes
Meiosis starts with 46 and ends with 23 chromosomes
409
Nondisjunction
A accident during mitosis or meiosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to move apart properly
410
Ways in which nondisjunction can occur
Chromosomes not moving away properly during meiosis 1 or sister chromatids failing to separate during meiosis 2
411
Monosomy
one missing chromosome in a pair
412
Trisomy
one extra chromosome in a pair
413
Chromosome structure see page 46
414
Deletion Error
Occurs when a segment of a chromosome is removed or lost
415
Insertion Error
Occurs when a part of one chromosome is removed and added to another chromosome
416
Inversion Error
Occurs when part of a chromosome is place in the wrong orientation compared to the rest of the chromosomes
417
Duplication Error
Occurs when a segment of the chromosome is replicated and inserted next to the original copy
418
Translation Error
Occurs when two chromosomes swap segments
419
Occurs when a segment of a chromosome is removed or lost
Deletion
420
Occurs when a part of one chromosome is removed and added to another chromosome
Insertion
421
Occurs when part of a chromosome is placed in the wrong orientation compared to the rest of the chromosomes
Inversion
422
Occurs when a segment of the chromosome is replicated and inserted next to the original copy
Duplication
423
Occurs when two chromosomes swap segments
Translocation
