Unit 2

Question 1

cultural

Answer 1

Non-material benefits of ecosystems that generate a profit, aesthetic value

Question 2

provisioning

Answer 2

Natural resources / raw materials that are taken from an ecosystem that can be sold or used, lumber

Question 3

regulating

Answer 3

Maintain the quality of natural resources that are taken for granted, pollination

Question 4

supporting

Answer 4

Natural ecosystems support human processes by making them cheaper and more efficient, photosynthesis

Question 5

Habitat diversity

Answer 5

different types of communities within a given area

Question 6

Genetic diversity

Answer 6

variety of genes in population/species

Question 7

charles darwin

Answer 7

discovered evolution by natural selection, finches were founding

Question 8

Mutations

two types of

Answer 8

accidental changes in DNA that get passed on

Lethal and nonlethal

Question 9

Adaptation

Answer 9

trait that promotes reproductive success

Question 10

Fitness

Answer 10

likelihood an individual will reproduce

Question 11

Types of selection

Answer 11

directional, stabilizing, and disruptive

Question 12

Directional

Answer 12

extreme values favored

The bigger the tail, the more the predator is scared

Question 13

Stabilizing

Answer 13

moderate, against two extremes (like Goldilocks)

Question 14

Disruptive

Answer 14

two polar opposites, intermediate choice doesn’t help

Short tail helps evade predators, long helps balance, medium tail does nothing

Question 15

Phylogeny/Family Tree

Answer 15

Grouping of species by how related they are (not linear)

Question 16

Genetic bottleneck

Answer 16

drastic decrease in genetic diversity for a population/species due to decrease in population

Question 17

genetic bottleneck causes and problems

Answer 17

Causes: natural disasters, overhunting
Problems: difficulty adapting, inbreeding, harmful mutations

Question 18

Species Diversity

Answer 18

Number and abundance of different species in ecosystem

Question 19

Species evenness

Answer 19

measures abundance of a certain species, species distribution

Question 20

Species richness

Answer 20

number of different species in a given area

Question 21

zones of ecological tolerance

Answer 21

Optimal zone → zone of physiological stress → zone of intolerance

Question 22

ecological disturbance

Answer 22

anything that changes the balance of an ecosystem,
Natural and manmade

Question 23

Disturbance scale and disturbance size

Answer 23

Disturbance scale: short/fast=fire, hurricane, long/slow=climate change

Disturbance size: tree falling → mass extinction

Question 24

types of disturbances

Answer 24

Periodic: regularly/predictably
Episodic: don’t repeat regularly, but do repeat
Random: no pattern, may or may not occur again

Question 25

with climate change, species can:

Answer 25

Adapt Move Die

Question 26

Adaptations

Answer 26

behavioral/structural Not individual

Question 27

Migrations

Answer 27

Movement of species from one place to another, scale dependent

Question 28

two types of migrations

Answer 28

Short term: seasonal, follows growing season Long term: large scale, shift in habitat(glacial retreat)

Question 29

Background rate of extinction

Answer 29

for each life group there is a natural rate of extinction, eg for birds: 1 species goes extinct per 400 years

Question 30

Mass extinction

Answer 30

when 50% of all species go extinct in short period of time(relative)

Question 31

Functionally extinct

Answer 31

when species can’t fill its niche anymore, no longer viable (can’t reproduce)

Question 32

causes of extinction

Answer 32

competition, predation, environmental change

Question 33

Indicator species

Answer 33

sensitive species that acts as an alarm for environmental change

Question 34

Endling

Answer 34

last remaining individual of an almost extinct species

Question 35

Adaptive radiation

Answer 35

diversification of groups to suit niches

Question 36

Extraptation

Answer 36

locally extinct

Question 37

Island Biogeography

Answer 37

The larger the island, the more biodiversity the farther away the island, the less biodiversity

Question 38

Speciation rate

Answer 38

how quickly new species appear

Question 39

Lower speciation rate=

Answer 39

lower biodiversity, opposite for larger islands

Question 40

Endemic species

Answer 40

highly specialized species with limited range, created by unique habitat

Question 41

Habitat fragmentation

Answer 41

when a habitat is broken up by human actions Smaller fragments=lower biodiversity

Question 42

Ecological corridors

Answer 42

link fragments, allow species to island hop

Question 43

Succession

Answer 43

Natural, occurs because of disturbance (fire, etc.) Is the process of recovery Ecosystems with higher biodiversity recover faster

Question 44

Primary succession

Answer 44

Takes longest, no soil present Lichens and mosses go first, break up rock and decompose into soil More complex plants follow More decay, climax community(final stage) develops Pioneer species: one that first moves(lichen and moss)

Question 45

Secondary succession

Answer 45

Soil is present Pioneer species = shrubs and grasses

Question 46

Ecological Hierarchy

Answer 46

species  population  community  ecosystem  biome  biosphere