Unit 2 : 1607 - 1754 Flashcards
How did Dutch colonization go? Who was the first to attempt? How did they differ from the Spanish?
- Henry Hudson sent to find passage through Americas
– fails but claimed the land around the now Hudson River for the Dutch
– economy based - in 1624 becomes NEW AMSTERDAM
– facilitated the economy
– trading hub for other traders, fishermen, and farmers - differed from Spanish
– were mostly Protestant, but had no intent of converting the Natives
Who established the first French settlement? How was their settlements different from that of Spanish? What were their interactions with Natives like?
- In 1608, Samuel de Champlain established the first permanent French settlement called QUEBEC
- settlements all over North America for trade
- colonial policies differed from Spanish
– greater interest in trade than conquest
– especially fish and fur trade - few colonizers showed up in the Americas
- married native women to have kinship ties to the vast trading networks among the Native peoples
- example:
– French interactions with the Ojibwe people in what is now Canada
– alliances + cultural exchanges
– Indians benefitted French through skills in the process of preparing beaver pelts for market
– French benefitted the Indians by introducing Iron cookware, farming tools, manufactured cloth
What were the motivations for English Colonization? How did they differ from the Spanish?
- mainly economic, needed the money after conflicts/war
- the nobles were losing money
- peasants were also struggling in England due to the ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT
- others were motivated by religious freedom and improving their living conditions
- English colonizers set out to the Americas as family groups to establish new homes
- differed from Spanish in that the Spanish subjugated the Native Americans, while the English EXPELLED them
What was the Enclosure Movement?
took land from everyone held in common, and sold to private parties
What was the first English colony established? How did it survive? What issues did they face? What was the Joint Stock Company?
CHESAPEAKE
- first American Colony established
- Jamestown in 1607, VIRGINIA COLONY
- financed by new economic model of funding : JOINT STOCK COMPANY
– more of a private thing than a state sponsored thing (like the Spanish)
– if the venture profited or failed, no one lost everything since they shared the burden and risk
- famine killed half of them in the first two years since they were always looking for gold and silver
– no farming
– resorted to Cannibalism
What was cultivated in the Jamestown? When and how did they began cultivating?
- tobacco cultivation began in 1612
- John Rolfe experimented and found way to cultivate it
What is indentured servitude? How did they make use of it in the English Colonies?
- people who couldn’t afford passage across the sea agreed to contract as laborers of the funders to pay off debt
- tobacco cultivation labor was mostly done by indentured servants
How did conflict arose between the English colonists and the natives? What was the scandal involved with William Berkeley?
- as demand for tobacco increased, farmers needed more land
– further encroachment on Native territory
– led to increasing tensions, retaliations, raids - farmers called on their governor William Berkeley
– Berkeley decided their cause was not worth his efforts
– had a personal trade alliance with the Natives that made him rich (this was illegal) - led to Bacons Rebellion
What was Bacons Rebellion? What did it lead to?
- a revolt from the poor farmers whose farms had been raided by the Natives
- NATHAN BACON was the leader
- attacked the Indians and ravaged the plantations owned by Berkeley
- consequence of event:
– plantation owners began to fear uprising from indentured servants
– new source of labor: SLAVERY
How did the pilgrims come to New England? How did they differ from the Virginia Colony? What was their motivation? Who were Puritans?
- New England settled originally by pilgrims in 1620
- Mayflower, Plymouth
- paved way for influx of Puritans
- Puritans: Protestants who were separatists
– did not like and broke away from the Church of England - pilgrim DID NOT come for religious freedom
– many had originally moved to Holland after leaving England for religious tolerance, but as farmers and foreigner they struggled to make a living and fitting in
– left for America primarily for economic reasons - differed from Jamestown in that they arrived in New England as family groups
- came to establish a society and family economies as farmers
- struggled in the beginning with fever and hunger
– half died - FIRST THANKSGIVING occurred
What was the British West Indies/Southern Atlantic Coast? How was the society established and what was its economy?
- first permanent colonies on Caribbean Islands
– St. Christopher, Barbados, and Nevis - warm for most of the year
– long growing seasons
– tobacco main cash crop, however by 1630’s SUGAR replaced
– more profitable, rich mans crop - South Atlantic Coast: South Caroline was inspired by West Indies and tried to replicate on the mainland
How was slavery important to the economy of the British West Indies?
- Sugar is labor intensive, so there was a high demand for African enslaved people as source of labor
- by 1860’s most of the population was Black
- to prevent revolts as the population of enslaved people grew the planter elites established harsh slave codes, that controlled them and prevented them from even the most basic rights
- defined enslaved people as property or CHATTEL
What was the Middle Colonies, and what was its nickname? What was their economy and society like?
- nickname: Breadbasket Colonies
- New York, New Jersey had many rivers and stream from connection to the sea
– export economy with cereal crops (grains, oats, etc.) - very diverse population, overtime became unequal because of emerging elite class
What was the class structure like in the Middle Colonies? (Top to Bottom)
1: Urban Merchants
#2: Artisan / Shopkeepers
#3: Unskilled / Laborers / Orphans / Widows
#4: Enslaved Africans
Who found Pennsylvania? How did they differ from other colonies?
- founded by William Penn
– a converted Quaker and Pacifist
– all of them were Quakers since they avoided violence and war - when they wanted to expand they asked the Indians first for permission, unlike the rest of the colonies
